exam 2

the___ drains the right upper arm and right side of head and thorax

right lymphatic duct

true or false: lymphoid cells consist of 1 immune system cells found in lymphoid tissue and 2 supporting cells that form lymphoid tissue structure

true

macrophages

phagocytic immune cells that engulf foreign substances and assist in the activation of T cells

reticular cells

supporting lymphoid cells that produce stroma in the lymphoid organs that act as scaffolding for immune cells

T cells (T lymphocytes)

manage immune response, attack infected cells

B cells (B lymphocytes)

produce plasma cells, secrete antibodies

lymphoid tissue is mainly composed to ___ a type of loose connective tissue

reticular connective tissue

where B cells and T cells mature, the red bone marrow and thymus known as

primary lymphoid organs

secondary lymphoid organs

mature lymphocytes first encounter antigen, activated

the lymphoid organ that cleanses the blood of aged blood cells and platelets, it is responsible for immune surveillance and response, along with the site of lymphocyte proliferation

spleen

the __ pulp of the spleen is where immune functions occur, containing many lymphocytes on reticular

white pulp

red pulp

old blood cells and blood born pathogens are destroyed

tonsils that are referred to as adenoids located in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx

pharyngeal tonsil

palatine tonsils

posterior end of oral cavity, largest of tonsils

lingual tonsils

lumpy collection of follicles at base of tongue

tubal tonsils

surrounded openings of auditory tubes into pharynx

the lymphoid organ that functions in the production of immunocompetent cells and the location where T cells mature

thymus

cluster of lymphoid follicles in wall of distal portion of small intestine

peyer’s patch

what process in involved in respiration, includes exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the systemic blood vessels and tissues

internal respiration

what process is involved in respiration, includes movement of air into and out of the lungs

pulmonary ventilation

a clinical condition where a patient exhibits inflammation of the sinuses

sinusitis

rhinitis

inflammation of nasal mucosa

region of the pharynx that serves as a passageway for blood and air that extends to the larynx and continues as the esophagus. is lined with stratified squamous epithelium

laryngopharynx

oropharynx

food and air level of soft palate to epiglottis

nasopharynx

pseudostratified columnar epithelium, soft palate and uvula close during swallowing

pitch

length and tension of vocal cords

loudness

dependent on the force of air out of the lungs

speech

release of expired air during opening/ closing of glottis

sound

“shaped” into language by muscle of pharynx, tongue, soft palate, lips

the last tracheal cartilage that expanded and located at the point where the trachea branches into the 2 main bronchi. violent coughing can occur

carina

smoking destroys the ____ of the lungs, which causes a build up of mucus that cannot be expelled

cilia

Valsalva’s maneuvers

building pressure in the abdomen

alveolar ___ are important in keeping the surfaces of the alveoli sterile

macrophages

the left lung is separated into superior and inferior lobes by this structure

oblique fissure

__ carries oxygenated blood to the lung tissue itself

bronchial arteries

the membrane on the external lung surface is called the__

visceral pleura

the pressure exerted by the air surrounding the body is called__

atmospheric pressure

transpulmonary pressure

keeps lung surface open, keeps lungs from collapsing

intrapleural pressure

pressure in the pleural cavity, always a negative pressure, fluctuates with breathing

intrapulmonary pressure

pressure in alveoli, fluctuates with breathing

negative respiratory pressure is__

less then Patm

if fluid accumulates in the pleural cavity __ pressure will develop which can lead to lung collapse

positive

the relationship between pressure and volume of a gas ( an inverse relationship p1v1=p2v2)

boyles law

when gas mixture come in contact with liquids, each gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure, and at equalilbrium partial pressure in the 2 phases will be equal. this is__

henrys law

the amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from lungs (1000-1200ml)

ERV

the total amount of air moved into and out of the lungs with each breath (~500ml)

TV

air inspired forcibly beyond tidal volume (2100-3200ml)

IRV

air that always remains in the lungs

RV

the partial pressure gradient for ___ is more steep then the partial pressure gradient for ___

oxygen, carbon dioxide

true or false: oxygen binding and release is accompanied by a conformational change in the hemoglobin molecule to increase or decrease affinity for oxygen

true

acute, non-chronic episodes of coughing, wheezing and chest tightness where active inflammations of the airways (caused by interleukins and inflammatory cell recruitment) precedes bronchospasms

asthma

ingestion

eating

propulsion

movement of food through the alimentary canal

mechanical breakdown

chewing, mixing food with saliva, segmentation

digestion

catabolic steps involves enzymes that break down complex food molecules into chemical building blocks. acid and enzymes

absorption

when small digested entities are moved from the GI tract lumen into blood or lymph

defecation

elimination of ingested substances via anus

organs that are located outside or posterior to the peritoneum. include the duodenum and parts of the large intestine

retroperitoneal organs

within the peritoneum, stomach, spleen, part of small/ large intestine

peritoneal organs

layer of alimentary canal that lines the lumen and contains 3 sublayers: epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae

mucosa

areolar connective tissue, blood, lymphatic vessels, elastic tissue

submucosa

muscle layer responsible for segmentation, peristalsis

muscularis externa

outer layer made of visceral peritoneum, formed from areolar connective tissue

serosa

accessory organ of the mouth that dissolves food chemicals for taste and moistens the food to help form the bolus

salivary glands

molars

the teeth containing broad crowns and rounded cusps that crush food with considerable force

incisors

chisel shaped teeth for cutting

canines

fanglike teeth that tear or pierce

a tooth and gum disease that is the escalation of neglected gingivitis. immune cells attack both bacteria and body tissue, causing destruction to the periodontal ligament

periodontitis

ankyloglossia

tongue tie

dental caries

cavities, demineralization of enamel and dentin

gingivitis

plaque calcifies to form calculus, calculus disrupts seal between gums and teeth

the __ allows food, fluids, and air to pass from mouth into the esophagus

pharynx

the __ is responsible for one way movement of food, closing after food passes through it from the esophagus. mucus cells here play a role in esophageal protection from acid reflux

cardiac sphincter

which secretory cells of the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid?

partial cells

which cells of the stomach secrete chemical messengers into the lamina propria?

enteroendocrine cells

the phase of gastric secretion that lasts about 3-4 hours and provides the majority of gastric juice released

gastric phase

cephalic (reflux) phase

triggered by aroma, taste, sight, thought

intestinal phase

stimulatory component followed by inhibition, partially digested food enters small intestine

the accessory organ in the digestive system tasked with production of bile

liver

gallbladder

chief function is storage of bile

pancreas

supplies most of enzymes needed to digest chyme

from which bile duct from the gallbladder does bile travel through to unionize with a second bile duct before release?

cystic duct

cells of the body that filter and process nutrient- rich blood in the liver

heatocytes

a progressive clinical condition that presents with chronic inflammation of the liver from chronic hepatitis or alcoholism

cirrhosis

mucus secreting cells found in epithelia of villi and crypts of the small intestine

goblet cells

h.pylori

stomach ulcers

the amount of carbohydrates that can be absorbed by the gut cells are

monosaccharides