G9 history terms

absolute music

instrumental music without extra accompaniment

the affections

also known as doctrine of the affections

expresses an emtional state

a buroque philoosphy

in buroque music, an affection is shown through an entire composition or movement

Answer

The second statement in a fuge

usually in a dominant key

what are the 2 different answers

Tonal answer and Real answer

Aria

Italien for air

A solo song with accompaniment

can be heard in operas, oratorio or cantata

Emotional and virtuosic

May have lyrical or dramatic qualities

lets a character express their emotions and thoughts

Art song

The musical setting of a poem

solo voices, usually accompanied with piano

Atonality

Doesnt have a tonal centre

Ballet

a stylized dance that often means a story

developed in the 17th century at the court of Louis XIV

Became popular in the 19th centruy at the russian court

Important compsoers composed music for ballets such as tchikovsky, sravinsky, debussy, and prokofiev

Baroque

misshapen shaped pearl or ireggularly shaped pearl in portuguese

used to be referred as a derogatory term

applied to art, architecture and music of the 17th and 18th century

Basso continuo

baroque performance practice

involves 2 players, one on the bass and one as harmony

harmony is usually played on harpsichord or organ

Binary form

Two part form: A N

Both parts are repeated

section a generally ends with an open cadence in the dominant or relative major key

cadence

a specific combo of chords that provides moments of rests at the end of phases

chamber music

a popular cuban dance of the early 1950 inspired by the mambo

its name came from its unique rhythm

Changing meter

shift between time signatures and the groups

Choreography

the art of designing the dance steps and movements in ballet

chromatic harmony

from he greek word for colour “kroma”

use many notes outside the key signature

Become more popular in the 19th century music

Classicism

Emphasis on excellence, enduring value, and timeless quality

sticks to the principles of symmetry, balance and proportion

refers to cultures of Ancient Rome and greece as well as the arts, archiecture and music in the 18th century

Clavier

A german word for keyboard instruments

coda

Generally ends with a repeat sign

shows the closing section

extends final cadence

col legno

italien for “with the wood”

string effect used by berloize

players tap on the strings with the wooden parts of the bows

Ritornello

A passage that repeats throughtout a piece

concerto

popular instrumental genre of the baroque era for soloist and orchestra

three movements: fast slow fast

frequently has ritornello form

counterpoint

a combination of 2 or more melodic lines

is also called polyphonic texture

countersubject

a recurring countermelody

often accompanies entres of the subject and answer

cyclical structure

stuff heard in one movement and reappears in later movements

unites multi movement work and structures it

Da capo aria

An aria using ternary (ABA) structure

performance the return of section A is usually ornametion

most common type of Aria in Baroque opera and oratorios

Development

second main section in sonata form

themes from exposition are copied through framentation, sequential treatment and changes to orchestration

modulation and increase harmonic tension

Dies irae

A chant used in medieval curch

“day of warth” in latin

dark and dramatic

often reused in later music to suggest danger, death or seriousness

Durchkomiponist

means “through composed” in german

music is continuously new and never repeats

often used in art song (lieder) to make the mood change

Episopde

a passage in a fuge in which there are no subject or present

Equal temperament

A method to tune keyboard instruments

the octave is dived into 12 equal semitones

exotism in music

important element of 19th musical style

expanded tonality

the use of extremely harmony while still maintain ing the allegiance to be tonal centre

expoisition

first main section in schatd

2 contrasting theme

first theme is tonic key

2nd theme is in a domination or relative major

funfare

loud ceremonial tune of flourish

features brass instruments

figured bass

a musical shortcut in the baroque era

numbers are below the bass line to show harmonic progression

performed by basso continuo

provide structure for improvisations

french overture

a baroque orchestral genre, often the orchestra introductions to an opera or oratorio

developed in the court of louis xiv by jean baptiste lully

generally in two parts

first: slow homophonic, texture, dotted notes

second: fast imitative texture

fugue

a highly structured composition

a single theme or subject

habanera

a cuban style dance and musical style

became popular in the 19th century

slow and steady rhythm

used in classical music to relax

hemiola

temporary shift of metric shift

notes group iin threes are momentarily grouped in twos

like 1-2-1-2-1-2-3 are featured

Homophonic texture

a single line of melody supported by harmonic accompaniment

idee fixe

french for “fixed idea”

devised (planned by berlioz)

a reccuring theme that goes through transformation

a unifying thread in a multimovemt composition

idiomatic writing

developed in the baroque era

highlights the unique technical capabilities in the style of writing

impression in music

suggest images rather than directly depicting them

metric pulse is frequently used

employs harmonic vocabulary- whole tone, modal, pentatonic scales

paralleled the french movement in visual art

Jazz

musical style developed in the 20th century

Has elements of african, popular and europena music

based on improvisation

Libretto

text of an opera, oratorio or cantata

usually writtn by someone other than the composer

Lied(er)

song in german

type of art song

popular in romantic era

usually written for voice and piano

focuses on expressing emotion and storytelling

Melisma

singing multiple notes on one syllable of text

common in classical religious and ome pop music

used to add expression and decoration

Menuet

stylized dance of french origin

developed in baroque era

graceful elegant

tripe meter (3/4 time)

Trio

contrasting middle section

tenary form (ABA)

Minimalism

musical style that evolved in the 20th century

in compositions by steve reich, philip glass and john adams

characterized by repetition of melodic, rhythmic and haronic patterns with little variation

modal scales

rediscovered by 20th century composers

use of scales where the patterns of whole and half sep is different from major and minor scale

common in middle ages and renaissance

Monophonic texture

A single line of unaccomponied melody

motive

a short melodic or rhythmic fragment used to build a melody

musical

unique genre developed in the united states

a play spoken dialogue but feature musical numbers: songs, dances, chorus: staging is often spectacular

Nationalism in music

a 19th century musical style

patriotism expressed through music

influence of folk song and dance, myths and legends, landscapes and historical events

opera

drama that is sung

combines vocal and instrumental music with drama visual arts and often dance

components include recitactive, aria, ensemble and choruses

developed in the baroque era

oratorio

a large scale work for soloist, chorus and orchestra

serious subject usually based on biblical texts

consists of recitative, aria ensemble and choruses

developed in the baroque era

ornamentation

musical embellisment to decorate a melodic line

represented with symbols or improvised

ostinato

italien for persistent

a rhythmic or melodic pattern repeated for an extend period

pedal point

notes that are repeated or held for a long time

Pentatonic scale

has 5 different pitches

common to the folk music of many european and asian cultures

polonaise

polish dance in ¾ time

developed by chopin into a virtuosic piano composition

polyphonic texture

a como of 2 or more meoldic lines

polyrhythm

simultaneous of two or more conflicting rhythms

polytonality

simultaneous use of two or more tonal centres

prelude

short keyboard work in improvisatory style

often paired fugue

primitivism

an effect created (angrly through rhythm)

uses strong accents, polyrhythms, expanded percussion on section

programmatic writing

music with descriptive elemnt, inspired by stories and paintings

became popular in the 19th century using instrumental writing

program music

became trendy in the 19th century, iinstrumental music with extra musical assocating

some works include writtenwritten test outlines the program

program symphony

tells a story or follows a theme

used to describe events, images, or emotions

common in the romantic era

recapitulation

third main section in sonata form

first and second themes are both restated in the tonic key

recitative

speech like style in operas, oratorios and contatas

rhythmi flexibility

moves through text quickly

recitativo accompagnato

italien for accompanied recitative

speech like singing in opera

supported by full orchestra

used for dramatic movements

more emotional than recitat secco

recitative secco

italien for dry recitative

speech like singing in opera

accompanied by simple continuo (usually with harpsichord and cello)

less dramatic

ripieno

italien for “ full” or complete

a mark used to work when the full orchestra is used in the baroque concerto

ritornello form

structure employed in the first and third movements of the baroque concerto

the opening passage is repeated throughout the movement, serving as a refrain

rocket theme

rapidly ascending arpeggio

often used as a dramatic opening motive in classical era work

romanticism

traced late 18th century that is an inspiration for art and music

expressed emotions

rrondo form

classical structure in a sonata cycle

ABACA or ABACABA form

section a is heard 3 times or in tonic key

Section a recurs with alternate sections

rounded binary form

two part form A B A1

opening material from section A returns after B

Rubato

italien for robbed time

rhythmic flexibility speed up or slow donw

an expressive deivce for interpeting music

scherzo and trio

italien for jest or joke

beethovan replace the menuet with schezro in the sonata

could be humorous or iconic

as with the menuet and trio, it contains a contrasting middle section= ABA firm (scherzo trio schezro_

serenade

multimovement orchestral genre

small orchestra or chamber ensemble

popular instrumental genre in the classical era

often performed in formal social setting and outdoor events

Sonata cycle

played in symphony, sonata or concertos

multimovements structure that emerged in the classical era

sonata form

formal structure used in first movemenets of a sonata cycle

consists of expoisiton developement and recapitulation

also known as the sonata allegro form

sonata rondo form

ABACABA layor

ABA are the expositions

C is the developement

Second ABA functiona st the recapitulation

Also known as rondo sonata form

striing quartet

most important chamber music genre

performing force: first violin, second violin viola and cello

four movements: fast slow moderately fast fast

first movement is usually in sonataform

subject

the intial staement of the main theme of a fugue

tonic key

symbolism

a french literary movement from late 19th century

writers like paul verlaine and stephanie mallorne

focused on suggesting ideas and emotions

empasizes the beaty of the word

symphonic poem

an important form of orchestral program music

single movement work with literaly or pictorial associates

invented by fran liszt

symphony

multimovment orchestral work from 18th century

usually in four movements fast slow moderate fast

at least one movement is in sonata form

ternary form

three part form ABA

section A ends with a closed cadence in the tonic key

section B creates contrasts in key or material

often used in baroque arias and classical menuet and trio movement

theme and variations

a work featuring a statement of melody followed by series of transformation

changes can be made to meoldy, harmony, rhythm o orchestration

foten used in slow movements of a sonata cycle

verse chorus structure

common song structure in popular music

verses develop the charact while the chorus acts as a tunfeful retfrain

viennese school

musical style forged by hayden, mozart and beethoven

became a musical centre in the late 18th century

whole tone scale

a scale made by compsoers of the alte 19th century and early 20th century

consists of six different pitches a whole step apart

word painting

musical pictorialization

achieved through melody harmony or rhythm

music shows literal meaning of words