Non Metal Fun Facts

Boron

Its role as an octet rule exception (typically forming three covalent bonds) and its presence in boric acid and borax.

Nitrogen

can assume many oxidation states (-3 to +5). It is found in explosives, fertilizers (ammonia is made with the Haber process from H₂ and N₂ at low temperature with a catalyst), and as an oxide in laughing gas, Viagra, smog, and preservatives.

Carbon

has three allotropes including C₆₀ which forms interesting tubular and spherical structures, graphite, which is sp² hybridized and diamond, which is sp³ hybridized, CO₃^- is an inorganic form of carbon that is an essential part of a cycle involving the greenhouse gas, CO₂ a diprotic acid, and limestone CaCO₃

Phosphorus

is found in many common materials including soaps, toothpaste, fertilizer, and pesticides. It is extracted from Ca₃(PO₄)₂ rock. Phosphate is the backbone in nucleic acids like DNA. Phosphates cause algae bloom and increasingly their use is discouraged for environmental reasons.

Halides

have small radii, high ionization energy, high electronegativity, and form -1 anions. Their oxides and hydrides are acidic.

Flourides

(F^-) inserts instead of OH^- in tooth enamel to protect from decay.

Chlorine

is manufactured as Cl₂ , a strong oxidizing agent. It is used in disinfection and sanitation. It is also used to make PVC tubing.

Noble Gases

are inert with 2 or 8 electrons in filled shells. Specialty uses include as cryogens ($He$), inert gases (Ar), and lights (Ne).