secondary storage

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24 Terms

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secondary storage

not directly accessible by processor, must be copied into RAM first, nonvolatile, slower access speed

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magnetic data storage

electromagnets create fields and set tiny magnetized dots to N or S on the magnetic surface of the disc which represent binary 1s and 0s

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HDD

hard disk drives. circular platters coated in magnetic material, stored in concentric tracks and sectors making data blocks. several read write heads move in and out of platters to find required data block

4
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magnetic tape drives

used for backups and archiving, data stored in series along a tape which loops around two wheels in a casette.

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solid state storage

NAND based integrated circuits use millions of floating gate transistors to stores data as 1s and 0s. (cheaper and most common) NOR used in EEPROM(expensive)

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SSD

solid state drive. a grid of electrical cells are used to quickly send and recieve data. the grids are seperated into pages which are clumped together into blocks. it stores data by flashing it onto the chips.

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hhd cost

cheaper per unit of data stored

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hhd latency

slower than ssd, as read write head has to search for correct block

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hdd robustness

as it has moving parts it is fragile. whereas SSD is shock resistant and has no moving parts

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hdd longevity

greater longevity over time for read write functions. ssd have limited number

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hdd power

uses more power and is much hotter

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hdd weight

hdd is heavier and bigger, ssd is lighter and portable and small

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where is hdd often used

web servers

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virtual memory

when computers are doing heavy processing

they run out of space in RAM

so the operating system sections of some secondary storage and temporarily uses it to store data

The data it moves to virtual memory is data that was sitting in RAM not being used

When it is needed again it is copied back into RAM

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offline memory

non volatile, not fixed within the computer, it is portable and can be removed easily

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optical media

uses polycarbonate,plastic disks coated with aluminium. data is burned by lasers into pits and lands on the tack representing 1s and 0s. to read data the lasers are shone onto the pits and lands, where land bounces back differently, the optical device can read the binary from reflected light

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how to store more data on optical disk

shorter laser wavelength so smaller pits and lands so more pits and lands, smaller distance between spiral tracks on disk

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pros of optical disks

good data transfer rate, cheap

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cons of optical disks

reflective surface easily scratched and damaged, optical media require a separate drive, data has to be burnt/ finalized before being used on another device

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CD

compact disk, slowest data transfer rate, red 780nm lase, single layer disk, 80mins of music 6 to 700MB

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DVD

digital versatile disk, medium data transfer rate, red laser 650nm, dual layer disk (birefringence giving read errors), 8 to 9GB 1.5 hours of video + sound

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Blu Ray

fastest data transfer rate, blue laser 450nm, more layer disks, 25GB, 2.5 video+sound at very high quality, uses built in encryption

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DVD RAM

data stored in concentric tracks and sectors so direct access to data. read and write operations can be done at the same time, so users can watch a recorded programme at same time as recording another - tv box

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flash memory

sd cards/usb sticks, uses solid state technology, connect through ports, cheap and portable, power efficient and little heat but easily lost and broken

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