APWH CH 29 - World War I

Archduke Ferdinand

Austro-Hungarian heir to the throne assassinated at Sarajevo in 1914; precipitated World War I.

Western Front

war line between Belgium and Switzerland during World War I; featured trench warfare and massive casualties among combatants.

Gallipoli

World War I battle, 1915; unsuccessful attempt in defense of the Dardanelles.

Armenian genocide

launched by Young Turk leaders in 1915; claimed up to one million lives.

Eastern Front

war zone from the Baltic to the Balkans where Germans, Austro-Hungarians, Russians, and Balkan nations fought.

self-determination

right of people in a region to determine whether to be independent.

League of Nations

international organization of nations created after World War I; designed to preserve world peace; the United States never joined.

B. G. Tilak

first populist leader in India; believed that Indian nationalism should be grounded in the Hindu majority; exiled by the British.

Morley-Minto Reforms (1909)

provided Indians with expanded opportunities to elect and serve on local and national legislative councils.

Montagu-Chelmsford reforms (1919)

increased national powers of Indian legislators and placed provincial administrations under ministries controlled by Indian-elected legislatures.

Rowlatt Act (1919)

placed severe restrictions on Indian civil rights; undercut impact of the Montagu- Chelmsford reforms.

Mohandas Gandhi/satyagraha

Western-educated Indian lawyer and nationalist politician with many attributes of an Indian holy man; stressed nonviolent tactics and headed the movement for Indian independence. Satyagraha means “truth force” and was Gandhi’s policy of nonviolent opposition to British rule.

Dinshawi incident

1906 fracas between British soldiers and Egyptian villagers that resulted in an accidental Egyptian death; Egyptian protest led to harsh repression that stimulated nationalist sentiment.

Ataturk

also known as Mustafa Kemal; president of Turkey, (r. 1923–1938); responsible for Westernization of Turkey.

Zionism

European Jewish movement of the 1860s and 1870s that argued that Jews return to their Holy Land; eventually identified with settlement in Palestine.

Balfour Declaration (1917)

British promise of support for the establishment of Jewish settlement in Palestine.

World Zionist Organization

founded by Theodor Herzl to promote Jewish migration to and settlement in Palestine to form a Zionist state.

Sa’d Zaghlul/Wafd Party

Egyptian nationalist party founded after World War I; led by Sa’d Zaghlul; participated in the negotiations that led to limited Egyptian independence in 1922.

pan-African

organization that brought together intellectuals and political leaders from areas of Africa and the African diaspora before and after World War I.

négritude

literary movement among African Americans and Africans; sought to combat unfavorable stereotypes of African culture and to celebrate African achievements; influenced early African nationalist movements.