Biology Test prep 4-3-23

Just don't fail

**Guanine** and **Adenine** are what types of Bases?

**Purine Bases (Double-ringed)**

**Cytosine**, **Thymine**, and **Uracil** are what types of bases?

**Pyrimidine** **Bases (Single-ringed)**

What are the two types of DNA stands?

Leading strand & Lagging strand

What is the template strand?

The DNA strand that gets copied

What are the three stages of **Semiconservative Replication**?

**Unwinding**, **Base Pairing**, and **Joining**

The reactants that bind to the enzyme are called?

**Substrates**

What is the site where the **substrate** binds to an **enzyme**?

**Active site**

What is the name of the product between a **substrate** and an **enzyme**?

**enzyme-substrate complex**

What is the role of a **substrate** in the __enzyme-substrate complex__?

Reacts to **form** products

What is the role of an **enzyme** in the __enzyme-substrate complex__?

**releases** the products

What are the **four** types of enzymes?

**Helicase**, **Primase**, **Polymerase**, and **Ligase**

What enzyme **unzips** the DNA?

**Helicase**

What speeds up processes?

**Enzymes**

What is the **first** step of unwinding?

**DNA Helicase** unzips the DNA

What is the **second** step of unwinding?

**Hydrogen** bonds break

What is the **third** step of unwinding?

**Proteins** keep the strands form reconjoining

What is the **last** step of unwinding?

**RNA Primase** adds an **RNA primer** on each DNA strand

What happens on Base Pairing?

**DNA Polymerase** adds the additional nucleotides to the new strand

What base binds with **Adenine**?

**Guanine**

What base binds with **Cytosine**?

**Thymine** or **Uracil**

What is the difference between the bases in **DNA** and **RNA**?

**DNA** contains **Thymine** and **RNA** contains **Uracil**

What is an **Okazaki** **Fragment**?

Fragments of bases on the lagging strand

What is the role of Ligase in Joining

Combines the Okazaki Fragments

What are the three types of RNA?

**mRNA** (Messenger RNA), **tRNA** (Transfer RNA), and **rRNA** (Ribosomal RNA)

What is the role of **Messenger** **RNA** (mRNA)

Carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to direct protein synthesis in the cytoplasm

What is the role of **Transfer** **RNA** (tRNA)

Segments of RNA nucleotides that transport amino acids to the ribosome

What is the role of **Ribosomal** **RNA** (rRNA)

Associates with protein to form the ribosome

What is **Transcription**?

The process of making an RNA copy of a gene's DNA code

What is a **Codon**?

The **three**-base code of DNA or mRNA

What is the **start** Codon?

**Codon AUG**

What are the **three** **end** Codons?

Codon UAA, UAG, and UGA

What is Translation?

tRNA molecules transfer the right codons to the template strand