Tobira Chapter 2 Grammar

〜なければ {いけない/ならない}; 〜なくては {いけない/ならない}

have to; must; should

〜など

N1やN2など=N1,N2 and others;N1, N2, etc.; N1 and N2 among others

N1やN2などのN3=N3 such as N1 and N2; N3 like N1 and N2

N1やN2など、N3=N3 such as N1 and N2; N3 like N1 and N2

〜は〜の一つだ

X is one of the ~

にとって

for; to

の代わりに

in place of; instead of; to make up for

〜ため（に）[purpose]

in order to; to; for the purpose of; for; for the sake of

〜ため（に）[reason; cause]

because; due to

AかBか

either A or B; whether A or B

〜{でしょ(う)/だろ(う)}

tag question (e.g., isn't it?; wasn't it?; aren't they?; is he?; are they?)

が見られる

(something) is observed; (one) can observe/see

ようになる

come to (be able to) V; not V now; not V any more

また(〜も)

also; as well; additionally; in addition; moreover

〜必要 {がある/はない}

a. V必要がある=it is necessary to V; must V; have to V

b. V必要はない=it is not necessary to V; there is no need to V; don't have to V

〜場合 (は/には)

if; when; in case

A {では/じゃ} なく(て) B

not A, but B

{何/いく} + Counter + か

some