HAN 312 CH 4

carp/o

wrist bones

cis/o

to cut

cost/o

rib

cutane/o

skin

dactyl/o

fingers, toes

duct/o

to lead, carry

flex/o

bend

furc/o

branching

gloss/o

tongue

glyc/o

sugar

immun/o

protection

morph/o

shape, form

mort/o

death

nat/i

birth

norm/o

rule, order

ox/o

Oxygen

pub/o

pubis (pubic bone); anterior portion of the pelvic or hipbone

seps/o

infection

somn/o

sleep

son/o

sound

tens/o

force, strain, stretch

the/o

put, place

thel/o, theli/o

nipple

thyr/o

thyroid gland; shield (the shape of the thyroid gland resembled [-oid] a shield to those who named it)

top/o

place, position, location

tox/o

poison

trache/o

windpipe, trachea

urethr/o-

urethra

-crine

to secrete

-drome

run

-fusion

coming together; to pour

-gen

substance that produces

-lapse

slide, fall, sag

-lysis

breakdown, destruction, separation

-meter

measure

-mission

to send

-or

one who

-oxia

oxygen

-partum

birth, labor

-phoria

bear, carry; feeling (mental state)

-physis

grow

-plasia

development, formation, growth

-plasm

structure or formation

-pnea

breathing

-ptom

happening, occurrence

-ptosis

falling, drooping, prolapse

-rrhea

flow, discharge

-stasis

stopping, controlling

-trophy

development, nourishment

apnea

without breathing

sleep apnea

breathing suddenly stops during sleep. A CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) machine is used to keep airways open

anoxia

without oxygen

abnormal

Away from normal, not normal

abductor

muscle that moves a part away from the midline
tip: b faces away from the a.

adductor

muscle that moves a part toward the midline
tip: d faces toward the a.

adrenal glands

on top of the kidneys
endocrine glands
located above each kidney. One of the hormones they secrete is
adrenaline (epinephrine). It causes bronchial tubes to widen, the
heart to beat more rapidly and blood pressure to rise.

anabolism

the building up of body cells and substances from nutrients

analysis

A detailed examination of the elements or structure of something.

Urinalsysis

laboratory examination of urine
that aids in the diagnosis of many medical conditions. In this term, -
lysis means separation.

ante cibum

before meals

anteflexion

bending forward

antepartum

before birth

antibiotic

against life
destroy or inhibit the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria. Penicillin was the first antibiotic discovered and was in
widespread use by the 1940s. Many penicillin-like antibiotics have been discovered since then and have shown valuable activity against
penicillin-resistant organisms.

antibody

Protein produced by WBC against an antigen (foreign body).
Ex: flu virus (antigen) enters the body, causing the production of antibodies in the bloodstream. These antibodies then bind to and mark for destruction the antigens
(viruses) that produced them.

antigen

An antigen (bacterium or
virus) is a substance that stimulates the production of (-gen) an antibody.
- usually a foreign substance (such as a poison, virus, or
bacterium), stimulates the production of antibodies

immune response

reaction between an antigen and an
antibody

vaccine

receiving dead
or weakened antigens that stimulate white blood cells (lymphocytes) to
make antibodies. These antibodies remain in your blood to protect
against those specific antigens when encountered in the future.

Rh condition

- antigen-antibody reaction
- person who is born Rh-positive (Rh+) has a protein coating (antigen) on RBCs.
- People who are Rh-negative (Rh−) have normal RBCs as well, but their red cells lack the Rh factor antigen.
- dangerous condition when embryo is Rh+ (bc different from Rh− mom.
- During delivery
of the first Rh+ baby, some of the baby's blood cells containing Rh+ antigens can escape into the mother's bloodstream.
- This sensitizes the
mother so that she produces a low level of antibodies to the Rh+ antigen.
- Bc occurs at delivery, first baby is generally not affected and is normal at birth. Sensitization can also occur after a miscarriage,
abortion, or blood transfusions (with Rh
+ blood).
- Difficulties arise with the second Rh+ pregnancy. If this embryo also is
Rh+, during pregnancy the mother's acquired antibodies (from the first
pregnancy) enter the embryo's bloodstream. These antibodies attack
and destroy the embryo's Rh+ RBCs (hemolysis)
- Physicians administer Rh immunoglobulin to an Rh− woman within 72 hours after each Rh+ delivery, abortion, or miscarriage.
- The globulin binds to Rh+ cells that escape into the mother's circulation and prevents formation of Rh+ antibodies. This protects future babies from
developing HDN.

hemolytic disease of the newborn

This disease occurs in the fetus if the 2nd born fetus is Rh+ while the mother is Rh-.
-jaundice

jaundice

(yellow skin
pigmentation). Jaundice results from excessive destruction of RBCs.
When RBCs break down, the hemoglobin within the cells produces
bilirubin (a chemical pigment)

bilirubin

produced by hemoglobin when RBCs breakdown
- High levels of bilirubin in the bloodstream (hyperbilirubinemia) cause jaundice.
- To prevent bilirubin
from affecting the brain cells of the infant, newborns are treated with
exposure to bright lights (phototherapy). The light decomposes the
bilirubin, which is then excreted from the infant's body.

antisepsis

against infection
An antiseptic (-sis changes to -tic to form an adjective) substance
fights infection

Septicemia

serious bacterial infection of the blood.

antitoxin

against toxin
an antibody, often from an animal (such as a horse), that acts against a toxin. Ex: tetanus antitoxin given against tetanus, an acute bacterial infection of the nervous system.

autoimmune disease

a condition in which the immune system mistakenly attacks itself, targeting the cells, tissues, and organs of a person's own body
- body makes antibodies against its own
good cells and tissues, causing inflammation and injury.
- Ex: rheumatoid arthritis, affecting joints; celiac
disease, affecting the intestinal tract; and Graves disease, affecting the
thyroid gland.

bifurcation

Normal splitting into two branches, such as bifurcation of the trachea
to form the bronchi. The root furc means branching.

bilateral

both sides

bradycardia

slow heart rate (less than 60 bpm)

Tachycardia

fast heart rate (more than 100 bpm)

catabolism

breaking down molecules

congenital anomaly

abnormality present at birth; often discovered before birth by sonography and/or amniocentesis
- ex: webbed fingers or toes (syndactyly), heart defects, and clubbed feet.
- Some congenital anomalies are hereditary,
whereas others are produced by factors present during pregnancy. Ex: when a pregnant woman consumes high levels of alcohol during pregnancy, there is often a pattern of physical and mental defects in her infant at birth
Fetal alcohol syndrome- skin folds in corners of eyes; long, smooth groove between the nose and upper lip; thin upper
lip; and flat nasal bridge.

connective

tie or bind together
Connective tissue supports and
binds other body tissue and parts. Bone, cartilage, and fibrous tissue
are connective tissues

contraindication

against indication
factors for with holding treatment, a reason something is not advisable or should not be done,

contralateral

opposite side
stroke affecting the right side of the brain may cause contralateral paralysis affecting the left arm and leg.

dehydration

lack of water

diameter

complete measure

diarrhea

complete discharge of the bowels

dialysis

complete separation
Ex: hemodialysis waste materials are separated from the blood via a
machine (artificial kidney) when the kidneys no longer function.
Another form of dialysis is peritoneal dialysis.

peritoneal dialysis

special fluid is inserted into the peritoneal
cavity through a tube in the abdomen. Waste materials such as urea seep into the fluid from the blood during a period of time. The fluid
and the wastes are then drained from the peritoneal cavity

dyspnea

difficulty breathing
Often caused by respiratory or cardiac conditions, strenuous exercise, or anxiety.

dysentery

painful, inflamed intestines commonly caused by bacterial infection

dystrophy

abnormal development
Ex: Muscular dystrophy includes many inherited diseases that cause
muscular weakness and deterioration

dysplasia

abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs

ectopic pregnancy

A pregnancy outside of the womb, usually in a fallopian tube
fetus is not viable. Surgery
often is necessary to remove the ectopic tissue. Tubal surgery
may damage a fallopian tube, and scar tissue can cause future
pregnancy problems

endocardium

within the heart, the inner lining of the heart

endoscope

Instrument to visually examine within (the body).

endrotracheal

pertaining to within the trachea
Ex: endotracheal tube, placed through the mouth into the trachea, is
used for giving oxygen and in general anesthesia procedures.

Epithelium

above the lining cells

euphoria

a good feeling; a feeling of well-being

euthyroid

normal thyroid function