Injection Techniques

Injection parameters:

volume, concentration of contrast, flow rates, programmed pressure limiting, delay times

saline bolus

after contrast injection to ensure all contrast was pushed through

air embolism

air in vein, can be dangerous

bolus phase

immediately after IV bolus injection, used for angiography

non-equlilbrium phase

one minute after start of bolus, best for imaging

equilibrium phase

as early as 2 minutes after bolus, worst for imaging

exact timing and start of phases are impacted by ____________ parameters, and _____________ condition

injection, patient

factors affecting contrast enhancement:

pharmacokinetic factors and patient factors

pharmacokinetic factors

volume, flow rate, scan delay, total scan time

patient factors

CO, disease, renal function, weight, age, sex, height