Studied by 4 people
prokaryotes
Cells with no nucleus eg bacteria
eukaryotes
Cells that have a nucleus eg plant, animal cells
cytoplasm
where chemical reaction happens
mitochondria
Where energy is released
ribosomes
where proteins are made
chloroplasts
where photosynthisis happens
bacterial cell contains
cell wall
cell membrane
cytoplasm
single loop of DNA
plasmids
What is the formula for magnification (microscopy)?
magnification = image size/ real size
chromosomes
coiled up lengths of DNA
What is mitosis?
When a cell copies its chromosomes and organelles. The chromosomes move to opposite ends. The cell membrane and cytoplasm split, creating two identical cells.
cell specialisation
Nerve cells: Long and narrow, carry impulses.
Muscle cells: Enable movement, have many fibers.
Root hair cells: Long ‘hair’, large surface area.
Phloem: Few structures.
Xylem: Hollow.
Sperm cell: Tail, many mitochondria.
What is diffusion?
the movement of particles from a hight to low concentration
osmosis
the movement of water particles for a partially permeable membrane from a less to more concentrated area
lock and key
chemical reactions involved when things split apart or are joined together
every enzyme has an active site with a usual shape
substrates fit into an enzyme and they have an active site
carbohydrates
starch——— amylase——-sugars
proteases
protein———protease——— amino acids
lipases
lipid——— lipase——— fatty acids
food test benedicts
sugar
heat in water bath
brick red
food test biuret
amino acids
add buiret regent
lilac
food test ethonal
fats/lipids
dissolve fat add water
milky
food test iodine
starch
add iodine solution
blue/black
arteries
work well under pressure
carry blood away from the heart
thick layer of muscle
capillaries
really small
walls are one cell thick diffusion is fast
veins
capillaries join up to form veins
big lumen
stop blood flowing in wrong direction
red blood cells
carry oxygen to the lungs
large surface area
haemoglobin
white blood cell
immune system
produces anti toxins and antiboides
have a nucleus
communicable diseases
diseases that spread from person to person or between animal and animal caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi
non-communicable diseases
cannot spread between person to person.
transpiration
the process where water evaporates from the surface of plant leaves
translocation
Translocation is when plants move food from the leaves to other parts like roots or fruits.
transpiration rate
air flow
temperature
humidity
light intensity
immune systems attacking pathogens
White blood cells engulf and digest pathogens. Each pathogen has molecules called antigens. White blood cells detect these antigens and produce antibodies. Antibodies lock onto the pathogen to destroy it.
vaccination
involve injecting a weakened pathogen into the body. antigens allow white blood cells to attack pathogen.
photosynthesis
CO2+H20————>(light) C6H12O6+O2
rate of photosynthesis
light
CO2
temperature
respiration
process of transferring energy from glucose
oxygen debt
extra amount of oxygen your body needs after exercise
anaerobic respiration
Respiration but without oxygen, produces lactic acid
aerobic respiration
Respiration with oxygen
stomata
tiny holes found in the underside of leaves. They control water loss and gas exchange by opening and closing.
what is an enzyme
a biological catalyst
What are stem cells?
Cells which can develop into many different types of cells in the body. Unspecialised cells
What are embryonic stem cells?
Stem cells from embryos and can develop into any cell
What are meristem stem cells?
Stem cells from plants, can turn into any plant cell
What are some factors that affect enzyme activity?
Temperature
pH level
Substrate concentration
What is active transport?
Movement of particles from slow concentration to a high concentration
What is the heart?
Strong muscular organ used for pumping blood to body
Where is amylase found?
Salivary glands
Pancreas
Where is carbohydrase found?
Salivary glands
Small intestine
Pancreas
Where is lipase found?
Pancreas
Where is protease found?
• in stomach ( as pepsin)
• small intestine
• pancreas
Note 
Flashcard (108)