Digital SAT Vocabulary

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Last updated 2:51 PM on 9/8/25
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322 Terms

1
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speculates

form a theory or conjecture about a subject without firm evidence. "my colleagues speculate about my private life"

2
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impartial

treating all rivals or disputants equally; fair and just. "independent and impartial advice"

3
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circumvents

find a way around (an obstacle). "if you come to an obstruction in a road you can seek to circumvent it"

4
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eclipses

an obscuring of the light from one celestial body by the passage of another between it and the observer or between it and its source of illumination. "an eclipse of the sun"

5
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discernible

able to be discerned; perceptible. "the scandal had no discernible effect on his career"

6
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inconclusive

not leading to a firm conclusion; not ending doubt or dispute. "the medical evidence is inconclusive"

7
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unbiased

showing no prejudice for or against something; impartial."his assessment of the benefits and drawbacks was unbiased"

8
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sychronization

the operation or activity of two or more things at the same time or rate. "lack of synchronization between the dancers made it look clumsy"

9
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hibernation

the condition or period of an animal or plant spending the winter in a dormant state. "grizzly bears gorge on seeds to prepare for hibernation"

10
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repudieates

refuse to accept or be associated with. "she has repudiated policies associated with previous party leaders" deny the truth or validity of. "the minister repudiated allegations of human rights abuses"

11
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foretells

predict (the future or a future event). "a seer had foretold that she would assume the throne"

12
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recants

"say that one no longer holds an opinion or belief, especially one considered heretical. "heretics were burned if they would not recant"

13
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nonetheless

in spite of that; nevertheless. "it was the barest of welcomes, but it was a welcome nonetheless"

14
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moreover

as a further matter; besides. "moreover, glass is electrically insulating"

15
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skeptical

not easily convinced; having doubts or reservations. "the public were deeply skeptical about some of the proposals"

16
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disconcerting

causing one to feel unsettled. "he had a disconcerting habit of offering jobs to people he met at dinner parties"

17
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imperceptible

impossible to perceive or notice. "his head moved in an almost imperceptible nod"

18
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substanitial

of considerable importance, size, or worth. "a substantial amount of cash"

19
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beneficially

in a favorable or advantageous way; so as to have a good effect. "we are privileged to beneficially affect the lives of tens of thousands of children every day"

20
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interjected

say (something) abruptly, especially as an aside or interruption. "she interjected the odd question here and there"

21
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prescribed

recommend (a substance or action) as something beneficial. "marriage is often prescribed as a universal remedy"

22
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prevail

prove more powerful than opposing forces; be victorious. "it is hard for logic to prevail over emotion"

23
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succumb

fail to resist pressure, temptation, or some other negative force. "he has become the latest to succumb to the strain"

24
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diverge

(of a road, route, or line) separate from another route, especially a main one, and go in a different direction. "the flight path diverged from the original flight plan"

25
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innocuous

not harmful or offensive. "it was an innocuous question"

26
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novel

new or unusual in an interesting way. "he hit on a novel idea to solve his financial problems"

27
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impractical

(of an object or course of action) not adapted for use or action; not sensible or realistic. "impractical high heels"

28
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unobtrusive

not standing out or attracting attention. "corrections should be neat and unobtrusive"

29
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peripheral

relating to or situated on the edge or limits of something. "the peripheral areas of Europe"

30
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renounce

reject and stop using or consuming. "he renounced drugs and alcohol completely"

31
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catastrophic

involving or causing sudden great damage or suffering. "a catastrophic earthquake" extremely unfortunate or unsuccessful.

32
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elusive

difficult to find, catch, or achieve. "success will become ever more elusive"

33
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abrupt

sudden and unexpected. "I was surprised by the abrupt change of subject"

34
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imminent

about to happen. "they were in imminent danger of being swept away"

35
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predetermined

established or decided in advance. "a predetermined level of spending"

36
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latent

(of a quality or state) existing but not yet developed or manifest; hidden or concealed. "discovering her latent talent for diplomacy"

37
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replicable

able to be copied or reproduced exactly. "we think the model is easily replicable to all sorts of projects"

38
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waive

refrain from insisting on or using (a right or claim). "he will waive all rights to the money"

39
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refute

prove (a statement or theory) to be wrong or false; disprove. "these claims have not been convincingly refuted"

40
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overshadowed

tower above and cast a shadow over. "an enormous oak tree stood overshadowing the cottage"

41
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disorienting

causing a feeling of confusion. "a disorienting collage of sound and image"

42
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tenuous

very weak or slight. "the tenuous link between interest rates and investment"

43
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nuanced

characterized by subtle shades of meaning or expression. "Lowe's work has gradually grown more nuanced"

44
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characterization

a description of the distinctive nature or features of someone or something. "she rejected that characterization of her film"

45
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commercialization

the process of managing or running something principally for financial gain. "the escalating commercialization of athletics"

46
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collaborative

produced or conducted by two or more parties working together. "collaborative research"

47
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resilient

(of a person or animal) able to withstand or recover quickly from difficult conditions. "babies are generally far more resilient than new parents realize"

48
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inadequate

lacking the quality or quantity required; insufficient for a purpose. "these labels prove to be wholly inadequate"

49
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dynamic

(of a process or system) characterized by constant change, activity, or progress. "a dynamic economy"

50
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invalidate

deprive because of contravention of a regulation or law. "a technical flaw in her papers invalidated her nomination"

51
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predatory

to make invalid especially : to weaken or destroy the cogency of

52
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obscure

not discovered or known about; uncertain. "his origins and parentage are obscure"

53
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inexplicable

unable to be explained or accounted for. "for some inexplicable reason her mind went completely blank"

54
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mystifying

utterly bewildering or puzzling. "a mystifying phenomenon"

55
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infrequent

not occurring often; rare. "her visits were so infrequent"

56
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ensured

make certain that (something) shall occur or be the case. "the client must ensure that accurate records be kept"

57
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implement

a tool, utensil, or other piece of equipment, especially as used for a particular purpose. "agricultural implements"

58
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presume

suppose that something is the case on the basis of probability. "I presumed that the man had been escorted from the building"

59
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mimic

imitate (someone or their actions or words), especially in order to entertain or ridicule. "she mimicked Eileen's voice"

60
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grapple

engage in a close fight or struggle without weapons; wrestle. "passersby grappled with the man after the knife attack"

61
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indecipherable

not able to be read or understood. "indecipherable scrawls"

62
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ornamental

serving or intended as an ornament; decorative. a thing used to make something look more attractive but usually having no practical purpose, especially a small object such as a figurine. "an ornamental fountain"

63
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obscure

not discovered or known about; uncertain. "his origins and parentage are obscure"

64
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intricate

very complicated or detailed. "an intricate network of canals"

65
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contrived

created or arranged in a way that seems artificial and unrealistic. "the ending of the novel is too pat and contrived"

66
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interchangeable

apparently identical; very similar. "the cast includes a lot of interchangeable faces"

67
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paucity

small or insufficient quantities or amounts; scarcity. "a paucity of information"

68
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verisimilitude

the appearance of being true or real. "the detail gives the novel some verisimilitude"

69
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quarrel

a heated argument or disagreement, typically about a trivial issue and between people who are usually on good terms. "she made the mistake of picking a quarrel with John"

70
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convey

make (an idea, impression, or feeling) known or understandable to someone. "the real virtues and diversity of America had never been conveyed in the movies"

71
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depict

show or represent by a drawing, painting, or other art form. "paintings depicting Old Testament scenes"

72
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beneficially

in a favorable or advantageous way; so as to have a good effect. "we are privileged to beneficially affect the lives of tens of thousands of children every day"

73
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perceive

become aware or conscious of (something); come to realize or understand. "his mouth fell open as he perceived the truth"

74
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ambivalence

the state of having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about something or someone. "the law's ambivalence about the importance of a victim's identity"

75
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renunciation

the formal rejection of something, typically a belief, claim, or course of action. "a renunciation of violence"

76
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nevertheless

in spite of that; notwithstanding; all the same. "statements which, although literally true, are nevertheless misleading"

77
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evaluate

form an idea of the amount, number, or value of; assess. "when you evaluate any hammer, look for precision machining"

78
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reveal

make (previously unknown or secret information) known to others. "Brenda was forced to reveal Robbie's whereabouts"

79
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consequently

as a result. "flexible workers find themselves in great demand, and consequently earn high salaries"

80
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regardless

without paying attention to the present situation; despite the prevailing circumstances. "they were determined to carry on regardless"

81
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irregardless

without paying attention to the present situation; despite the prevailing circumstances. "they were determined to carry on regardless" yes, same as regardless

82
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conceptualize

form a concept or idea of (something). "we can more easily conceptualize speed in miles per hour"

83
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neglect

fail to care for properly. "the old churchyard has been sadly neglected"

84
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infallible

incapable of making mistakes or being wrong. "doctors are not infallible"

85
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atypical

Not normal. Describes a state, condition, or behavior that is unusual or different from what is considered normal.

86
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lucrative

producing a great deal of profit. "a lucrative career as a stand-up comedian"

87
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tedious

too long, slow, or dull; tiresome or monotonous. "a tedious journey"

88
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validated

demonstrate or support the truth or value of. "in a healthy family a child's feelings are validated"

89
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proponent

a person who supports a theory, proposal, or project. "a collection of essays by both critics and proponents of graphology"

90
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annotate

add notes to (a text or diagram) giving explanation or comment. "documentation should be annotated with explanatory notes"

91
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buttress

"

92
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a projecting support of stone or brick built against a wall.""the cathedral's massive buttresses"""

93
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reciprocate

respond to (a gesture or action) by making a corresponding one. "the favor was reciprocated"

94
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disengage

separate or release (someone or something) from something to which they are attached or connected. "I disengaged his hand from mine"

95
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indeed

used to introduce a further and stronger or more surprising point. "the idea is attractive to many men and indeed to many women"

96
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proponent/advocate

One who argues in support of something

97
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beneficiary

one who benefits from something; a person who is left money or other property in a will or the like

98
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advance

to move forward / can be used like "make a claim"

99
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assert

(v.) to declare or state as truth, maintain or defend, put forward forcefully

100
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conjecture

an opinion or conclusion formed on the basis of incomplete information

Explore top notes

Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
Updated 490d ago
note Note
Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
Updated 490d ago
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