Studied by 3 people
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Social Psychology
The study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people
conformity
a change in a person’s behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard
informative social influence
we want to be right
normative social influence
we want to be liked
obedience
behavior that complies with the explicit demands of the individual in authority
Milgram’s study of obedience
Experiment that tested how far individuals would go when directed by an authority figure. It had a teacher and learner. 65% of test subjects gave the maximum electric shocks to the learner.
Deindividuation
the reduction in personal identity and erosion of the sense of personal responsibility when one is part of a group
social facilitation
improvement in an individual’s performance because of the presence of others
social loafing
each person’s tendency to exert less effort in a group because of reduced accountability for individual effort
altruism
giving to another person with the ultimate goal of benefiting that person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself
empathy
a feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another person
Model of Helping Behavior
Emergency
notice the event
interpret the event as an emergency
assume responsibility
know the appropriate form of assistance
provide help
Bystander Effect
the tendency of an individual who observes an emergency to be less likely to help when other people are present than when the observer is alone
social exchange theory
the view of social relationships as involving an exchange of goods, the objective of which is to minimize costs and maximize benefits
aggression
social behavior whose objective is to harm someone, either physically or verbally
intimate partner violence
abuse or aggression that occurs in a romantic relationship
social cognition
the area of social psychology exploring how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information
attribution theory
the view that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior
fundamental attribution error
observers’ overestimation of the importance of internal traits and underestimation of the importance of external situations when they seek explanations of another person’s behavior
attitudes
an individual’s opinions and beliefs about people, objects, and ideas—how the person feels about the world
cognitive dissonance
an individual’s psychological discomfort caused by two inconsistent thoughts. These are inconsistencies between what we believe and what we do
social roles
behavior patterns expected of individuals in different situations and settings based on their specific position within a social unit
Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment
2 week study an the effects of incarceration on human behavior and mental processes that was cancelled after 6 days. It introduced and demonstrated the concept of deindividuation.
Prejudice
an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individual’s membership in a group
stereotype
a generalization about a group’s characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to another
stereotype threat
an individual’s fast-acting, self-fulfilling fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about their group
discrimination
an unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because the person belongs to that group
microaggressions
everyday, subtle, and potentially unintentional acts that communicate bias to members of marginalized groups
ingroup
a group in which we belong to
outgroup
a group to which one does not belong or identify
systemic racism
systems, structures, and procedures in a society that disadvantage a racial group and privilege another
attraction
a characteristic that makes a person or thing interesting to them, want them, or gravitate toward them
proximity/mere exposure effect
the more often you see a person, the more attractive they become
physical attractiveness
human beings have preferences about the physical appearances of other people, particularly with reference to their facial features and body proportions
similarity
the idea that we like to associate with people who are like us
groupthink
value getting along with each other more than finding the best solution
Muzafer Sherif
Born in Turkey. His childhood was filled with wars and political conflicts. He translated many psychology books and articles from English to Turkish. He had to flee to the US to escape political persecution. He was a man with no country because he could not go back to Turkey and the US would not allow him to become a US citizen. He is credited with helping found modern psychology and published over 60 articles and 24 books. His most famous experiment was the Robbers Cave Experiment which supported the Realistic Conflict Theory that he developed.
