Chapter 20: Nucleic Acid and Chromatin

Principles of Biochemistry

replication

the duplication of DNA

transcription

copying of the DNA sequence information into RNA

translation

information in mRNA molecules is translated during polypeptide chain synthesis

genome

______ is the same in every cell of an organism and it has a complete set if the organism’s DNA

transcriptome

_______ varies between different cells and it holds the complete set of mRNA molecules from genomes

proteome

____ __ varies between different cells and it holds the complete set of proteins

nucleic acid

linear polymers of nucleotides

DNA

stores information

RNA

transmits information

nucleotides

What are the monomers of DNA and RNA

polymers

is DNA and RNA monomers or polymers

5 carbon sugar, nitrogen base, and phosphate group

What are the 3 components of nucleotides

base + sugar

What is a nucleoside made of

base + sugar + phosphate

What is a nucleotide made of

purine

Is adenine a purine or pyrimidine

purine

Is guanine a purine or pyrimidine

pyrimidine

Is cytosine a purine or pyrimidine

pyrimidine

Is thymine a purine or pyrimidine

pyrimidine

Is uracil a purine or pyrimidine

AMP

What is the ribonucleoside mono- abbreviation of adenine

ADP

What is the ribonucleoside di- abbreviation of adenine

ATP

What is the ribonucleoside tri- abbreviation of adenine

nucleases

enzymes that cleave the phosphodiester bonds between the nucleotide subunits

exonucleases

nucleases that cleave nucleotides from the end of polynucleotide chains

endonucleases

nucleases that cleave internal phosphodiester linkages

3

How many hydrogen bonds hold G to C

2

How many hydrogen bonds hold A to T

hydrophobic interactions

burying purine and pyrimidine rings in the double helix interior

van der Waals forces

stacked base pairs

hydrogen bonds

hydrogen bonding between base pairs

strong positive charge

What allows histones to be able to bond to the phosphate groups of DNA

what is the DNA called that is between each nucleosome

nucleosome

beadlike structure that is composed of 8 histones with the DNA helix wrapped around it

histones

Dna is coiled around proteins this is known as

chromosomes

organized chromatin fibers that form loops that aid in structure

interphase

during what phase of mitosis is hard to see chromosomes

23

how many pairs of chromosomes are in the human cells

messenger RNA (mRNA)

carries genetic information from the gene to a ribosome

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

accounts for 80% of RNA, components of ribosomes

small nuclear RNA (snRNA)

“short RNA” located in nucleus and involved in pre-mRNA splicing

long non-coding RNA (IncRNA)

non protein coding RNA that is longer than 200 nucleotides

small interfering RNA (siRNA)

a type of RNA that interfere with the expression of specific genes

microRNA (miRNA)

small non protein coding RNA molecules