Final Exam Crothers

 Muscle cells require an abundant amount of ATP to function. Therefore, muscle cells have numerous:

mitochondria

What varies from one isotope of an element to another isotope of the same element?

Mass number

Salts are held together by:

ionic bonds

State the functions of the skin?

Protection, temperature regulation, tactile sensations

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skin?

vitamin A synthesis

The atomic number represents the number of

Protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

 Ionic bonds result from:

the transfer of electrons from a metal atom to a nonmetal atom

What type of hormone is made from cholesterol

steroid hormone

What makes RNA a unique nucleic acid?

RNA contains a nitrogenous base known as uracil.

A cell or organ that responds to the directions of the control center in a negative feedback loop is termed a(n):

effector

The main structural component of cell membranes is:

phospholipids

What are the two major methods by which cells communicate to coordinate their functions?

chemical messengers and/or electrical signals

What is the effect of a buffer on a solution?

 Buffer systems resist changes in blood pH

Yuri is working with a chemical in lab. This chemical is composed of repetitive units that include a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base, and a sugar known as ribose. He is working with:

a nucleic acid

What predicts the element to which an atom belongs?

total number of protons

When you go outside on a hot summer day, your body temperature heats up above the normal range. Receptors in your brain detect the change in body temperature. The brain activates nerve cells that send messages to sweat glands, causing the body temperature to fall as the sweat evaporates from the skin. What part of this feedback loop is the stimulus?

increased body temperature

How do melanocytes and keratinocytes work together to protect the skin from UV damage?

Keratinocytes provide the melanocyte with nutrients critical for melanin synthesis

The unit of DNA that specifies a certain amino acid is called a ________, the same unit of mRNA is called a(n) ________ which, during protein synthesis, is matched by the ________ of tRNA.

 triplet; codon; anticodon

What contributes to the calculation of the mass number?

sum of protons and neutrons

The primary source of chemical energy in the body comes from a nucleotide known as:

ATP

 Summarize the principle of complementarity of structure and function

form follows function

 A fatty acid that contains no double covalent bonds is:

saturated

In the human body, what is the fulcrum in a lever system?

The fulcrum is the joint at which movement occurs.

Which protein does NOT belong in a thin filament?

myosin

The plasma membrane of a muscle cell is known as the:

sarcolemma

 Most levers in the human body are:

third-class levers

What characteristic is NOT descriptive of cardiac muscle tissue?

 voluntary muscle contractions

What stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

low blood calcium ion levels

What structure in a bone persists for life?

articular cartilage

The function of yellow bone marrow is:

triglyceride storage

Bone is the most important storehouse in the body for:

calcium

What value best represents resting membrane potential of skeletal muscle cells?

-90 mV

Which cells participate in the process of bone deposition?

osteoblasts

Correctly order the following key steps in the process of endochondral ossification.

1. Chondrocytes die.

2. Osteoblasts build the bone collar on the external surface of the bone.

3. Perichondrium is invaded by blood vessels.

4. In the primary ossification center, osteoblasts replace calcified cartilage with early spongy bone.

5.   Perichondrial cells differentiate into osteogenic cells then into osteoblasts.

A) 3, 1, 2, 3, 5 B) 4, 3, 2, 1, 5 C) 3, 1, 4, 5, 2 D) 3, 5, 2, 1, 4

D 3, 5, 2, 1, 4

What influences the appearance and function of skeletal muscle?

arrangement of the pattern of fascicles

What lever class has the fulcrum situated between the force and the load?

first-class lever

Relatively inactive bone cells that help to maintain the ECM are:

osteocytes

What promotes bone resorption?

pressure

What type of bone growth do you think a 40-year-old male experiences?

appositional growth

 Standing on tiptoes is an example of a:

second class lever system

Thin, broad bones should be classified as:

flat bones

 Which type of muscle works together with the agonist?

synergist

What part of the spinal cord carries motor information from the brain?

 corticospinal tract

Provide an example of a part of our body that is controlled by the somatic motor division.

skeletal muscle

What is located in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe?

primary somatosensory cortex

What is the most metabolically active part of a neuron?

cell body

What part of the neuron is a process that can generate and conduct action potentials?

axon

 The brainstem connects the brain and the:

spinal cord

Which of the following are organs of the central nervous system?

Brain and spinal cord

 Resting membrane potential is maintained by the sodium-potassium ion pump, or Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase, which brings:

 two potassium ions into the cytosol and three sodium ions into the extracellular fluid.

What event moves the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron closer to threshold?

 excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

Bundles of axons known as tracts are part of the:

central nervous system.

Describe where you would find the location of white matter in the brain and the spinal cord.

In the spinal cord, white matter is superficial while cerebral white matter is deep.

In the spinal cord, nerve tracts or funiculi make up the:

white columns

The majority of synapses in the nervous system are:

chemical

 Which of the following cells secretes CSF into the ventricles of the brain?

ependymal cells

 An injury to the spinal cord is not possible below the:

second lumbar vertebra

 List the functions of the reticular formation.

Sensation, consciousness, attention, and sleep-wake cycle

 What is NOT a function of the reticular formation?

memory

The autonomic nervous system does NOT carry signals to:

skeletal muscle

The thalamus receives information from all of the following senses EXCEPT for:

Smell (does receive info about taste, hearing, and vision)

The majority of the cerebral cortex is:

neocortex

Branches that may occur along an axon are called:

collaterals

Which division detects stimuli of the general senses and special senses?

somatic sensory division

The sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system are divisions of the:

 visceral motor division (or autonomic nervous system, ANS).

What is the outermost connective tissue covering of a nerve?

epineurium

 What part of the spinal nerve houses motor neurons?

anterior root of spinal nerve

What connective tissue sheath wraps the axon of a neuron?

endoneurium

Bundles of axons within a nerve are known as:

fascicles

 List the correct number of spinal nerves for each part of our vertebral column.

31 pairs, 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal pair.

Which of the following is INCORRECT about the numbers of spinal nerves?

7 pairs of cervical spinal nerves

List the characteristics of a reflex.

involuntary, almost instant movement, response to stim, no conscious thought to cause it. (Components= receptors, sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons, muscles)

 Which of the following does NOT characterize a reflex?

Neural integration of a reflex usually occurs in the PNS.

 A simple reflex with only a single synapse between the sensory and motor neurons is known as a:

monosynaptic reflex

Determine the polysynaptic reflex from this list of examples.

) flexion (withdrawal) reflex

Visceral reflex arcs do NOT control:

voluntary muscle function

Which division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) promotes homeostasis when the body is engaged in any type of physical work?

sympathetic nervous system

Which of the following innervates target cells or organs of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

A) autonomic ganglion B) preganglionic neuron

C) somatic motor neuronD) postganglionic neuron

D) postganglionic neuron

 Which branch of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) includes the vagus nerves, which innervate the thoracic and abdominal viscera?

parasympathetic nervous system

What do the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems share in common?

 Both systems are divisions of the autonomic nervous system.

What neurotransmitter is released by the axon of a sympathetic preganglionic neuron to communicate with the sympathetic postganglionic neuron?

acetylcholine

Receptors that bind norepinephrine and epinephrine are known as:

adrenergic

What type of receptor is located in the membranes of all parasympathetic target cells?

muscarinic receptor

What effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on heart rate?

decreases heart rate

What receptor is found in the membranes of all postganglionic parasympathetic neurons?

nicotinic

 Most organs are innervated from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, referred to as:

dual innervation

Which of the following parts of a spinal nerve carries sensory information only?

Posterior (dorsal) root

The anterior root and posterior root fuse to form a(n):

spinal nerve

A network of nerves is known as a:

plexus

 Describe how are the nervous system and endocrine system similar.

Cells of both the nervous system and the endocrine system release chemicals to communicate with cells.

 All target cells have r________________ to which hormones bind.

receptors

What type of hormone is made from cholesterol?

Steroid

 Increasing levels of blood glucose stimulate the release of insulin. This type of stimulation is known as:

humoral stimulation

Hormones that act on the same target cells yet have opposite effects are said to be:

antagonists

What hormones are released by the posterior pituitary?

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin

 Place the following hormones in the correct order of their control, from first tier to third tier.

A) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), production of T3 and T4

B) thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), production of T3 and T4, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

C) thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), production of T3 and T4

D) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), production of T3 and T4, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

 thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), production of T3 and T4

What stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

low calcium concentration

Aldosterone regulates:

extracellular sodium and potassium ion levels.

Which hormone acts as a potent anti-inflammatory agent?

cortisol

Cushing's disease results from hypersecretion of _________________.

cortisol