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Muscle cells require an abundant amount of ATP to function. Therefore, muscle cells have numerous:
mitochondria
What varies from one isotope of an element to another isotope of the same element?
Mass number
Salts are held together by:
ionic bonds
State the functions of the skin?
Protection, temperature regulation, tactile sensations
Which of the following is NOT a function of the skin?
vitamin A synthesis
The atomic number represents the number of
Protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
Ionic bonds result from:
the transfer of electrons from a metal atom to a nonmetal atom
What type of hormone is made from cholesterol
steroid hormone
What makes RNA a unique nucleic acid?
RNA contains a nitrogenous base known as uracil.
A cell or organ that responds to the directions of the control center in a negative feedback loop is termed a(n):
effector
The main structural component of cell membranes is:
phospholipids
What are the two major methods by which cells communicate to coordinate their functions?
chemical messengers and/or electrical signals
What is the effect of a buffer on a solution?
Buffer systems resist changes in blood pH
Yuri is working with a chemical in lab. This chemical is composed of repetitive units that include a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base, and a sugar known as ribose. He is working with:
a nucleic acid
What predicts the element to which an atom belongs?
total number of protons
When you go outside on a hot summer day, your body temperature heats up above the normal range. Receptors in your brain detect the change in body temperature. The brain activates nerve cells that send messages to sweat glands, causing the body temperature to fall as the sweat evaporates from the skin. What part of this feedback loop is the stimulus?
increased body temperature
How do melanocytes and keratinocytes work together to protect the skin from UV damage?
Keratinocytes provide the melanocyte with nutrients critical for melanin synthesis
The unit of DNA that specifies a certain amino acid is called a ________, the same unit of mRNA is called a(n) ________ which, during protein synthesis, is matched by the ________ of tRNA.
triplet; codon; anticodon
What contributes to the calculation of the mass number?
sum of protons and neutrons
The primary source of chemical energy in the body comes from a nucleotide known as:
ATP
Summarize the principle of complementarity of structure and function
form follows function
A fatty acid that contains no double covalent bonds is:
saturated
In the human body, what is the fulcrum in a lever system?
The fulcrum is the joint at which movement occurs.
Which protein does NOT belong in a thin filament?
myosin
The plasma membrane of a muscle cell is known as the:
sarcolemma
Most levers in the human body are:
third-class levers
What characteristic is NOT descriptive of cardiac muscle tissue?
voluntary muscle contractions
What stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
low blood calcium ion levels
What structure in a bone persists for life?
articular cartilage
The function of yellow bone marrow is:
triglyceride storage
Bone is the most important storehouse in the body for:
calcium
What value best represents resting membrane potential of skeletal muscle cells?
-90 mV
Which cells participate in the process of bone deposition?
osteoblasts
Correctly order the following key steps in the process of endochondral ossification.
1. Chondrocytes die.
2. Osteoblasts build the bone collar on the external surface of the bone.
3. Perichondrium is invaded by blood vessels.
4. In the primary ossification center, osteoblasts replace calcified cartilage with early spongy bone.
5. Perichondrial cells differentiate into osteogenic cells then into osteoblasts.
A) 3, 1, 2, 3, 5 B) 4, 3, 2, 1, 5 C) 3, 1, 4, 5, 2 D) 3, 5, 2, 1, 4
D 3, 5, 2, 1, 4
What influences the appearance and function of skeletal muscle?
arrangement of the pattern of fascicles
What lever class has the fulcrum situated between the force and the load?
first-class lever
Relatively inactive bone cells that help to maintain the ECM are:
osteocytes
What promotes bone resorption?
pressure
What type of bone growth do you think a 40-year-old male experiences?
appositional growth
Standing on tiptoes is an example of a:
second class lever system
Thin, broad bones should be classified as:
flat bones
Which type of muscle works together with the agonist?
synergist
What part of the spinal cord carries motor information from the brain?
corticospinal tract
Provide an example of a part of our body that is controlled by the somatic motor division.
skeletal muscle
What is located in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe?
primary somatosensory cortex
What is the most metabolically active part of a neuron?
cell body
What part of the neuron is a process that can generate and conduct action potentials?
axon
The brainstem connects the brain and the:
spinal cord
Which of the following are organs of the central nervous system?
Brain and spinal cord
Resting membrane potential is maintained by the sodium-potassium ion pump, or Na+/K+ ATPase, which brings:
two potassium ions into the cytosol and three sodium ions into the extracellular fluid.
What event moves the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron closer to threshold?
excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
Bundles of axons known as tracts are part of the:
central nervous system.
Describe where you would find the location of white matter in the brain and the spinal cord.
In the spinal cord, white matter is superficial while cerebral white matter is deep.
In the spinal cord, nerve tracts or funiculi make up the:
white columns
The majority of synapses in the nervous system are:
chemical
Which of the following cells secretes CSF into the ventricles of the brain?
ependymal cells
An injury to the spinal cord is not possible below the:
second lumbar vertebra
List the functions of the reticular formation.
Sensation, consciousness, attention, and sleep-wake cycle
What is NOT a function of the reticular formation?
memory
The autonomic nervous system does NOT carry signals to:
skeletal muscle
The thalamus receives information from all of the following senses EXCEPT for:
Smell (does receive info about taste, hearing, and vision)
The majority of the cerebral cortex is:
neocortex
Branches that may occur along an axon are called:
collaterals
Which division detects stimuli of the general senses and special senses?
somatic sensory division
The sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system are divisions of the:
visceral motor division (or autonomic nervous system, ANS).
What is the outermost connective tissue covering of a nerve?
epineurium
What part of the spinal nerve houses motor neurons?
anterior root of spinal nerve
What connective tissue sheath wraps the axon of a neuron?
endoneurium
Bundles of axons within a nerve are known as:
fascicles
List the correct number of spinal nerves for each part of our vertebral column.
31 pairs, 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal pair.
Which of the following is INCORRECT about the numbers of spinal nerves?
7 pairs of cervical spinal nerves
List the characteristics of a reflex.
involuntary, almost instant movement, response to stim, no conscious thought to cause it. (Components= receptors, sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons, muscles)
Which of the following does NOT characterize a reflex?
Neural integration of a reflex usually occurs in the PNS.
A simple reflex with only a single synapse between the sensory and motor neurons is known as a:
monosynaptic reflex
Determine the polysynaptic reflex from this list of examples.
) flexion (withdrawal) reflex
Visceral reflex arcs do NOT control:
voluntary muscle function
Which division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) promotes homeostasis when the body is engaged in any type of physical work?
sympathetic nervous system
Which of the following innervates target cells or organs of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
A) autonomic ganglion B) preganglionic neuron
C) somatic motor neuronD) postganglionic neuron
D) postganglionic neuron
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) includes the vagus nerves, which innervate the thoracic and abdominal viscera?
parasympathetic nervous system
What do the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems share in common?
Both systems are divisions of the autonomic nervous system.
What neurotransmitter is released by the axon of a sympathetic preganglionic neuron to communicate with the sympathetic postganglionic neuron?
acetylcholine
Receptors that bind norepinephrine and epinephrine are known as:
adrenergic
What type of receptor is located in the membranes of all parasympathetic target cells?
muscarinic receptor
What effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on heart rate?
decreases heart rate
What receptor is found in the membranes of all postganglionic parasympathetic neurons?
nicotinic
Most organs are innervated from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, referred to as:
dual innervation
Which of the following parts of a spinal nerve carries sensory information only?
Posterior (dorsal) root
The anterior root and posterior root fuse to form a(n):
spinal nerve
A network of nerves is known as a:
plexus
Describe how are the nervous system and endocrine system similar.
Cells of both the nervous system and the endocrine system release chemicals to communicate with cells.
All target cells have r________________ to which hormones bind.
receptors
What type of hormone is made from cholesterol?
Steroid
Increasing levels of blood glucose stimulate the release of insulin. This type of stimulation is known as:
humoral stimulation
Hormones that act on the same target cells yet have opposite effects are said to be:
antagonists
What hormones are released by the posterior pituitary?
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin
Place the following hormones in the correct order of their control, from first tier to third tier.
A) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), production of T3 and T4
B) thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), production of T3 and T4, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
C) thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), production of T3 and T4
D) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), production of T3 and T4, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), production of T3 and T4
What stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
low calcium concentration
Aldosterone regulates:
extracellular sodium and potassium ion levels.
Which hormone acts as a potent anti-inflammatory agent?
cortisol
Cushing's disease results from hypersecretion of _________________.
cortisol