Disease KI1

Health

the overall condition of an individual in relation to physical well-being

Epidemiology

area of medicine that deal with the incidence, distribution and control of diseases

Infectious

caused by pathogenic microorganisms can be spread, directly or indirectly

Non-infectious

a non-communicable disease due to age, genetic defects e.g. cancer

Contagious

easily spread by direct contact or indirect contact between people

Non-contagious

not spread by contact, require mode of transmission between people or hosts such as vectors

Communicable

infectious disease transmissible by direct contact with an affected individual or by indirect means

Non-communicable

chronic diseases - not passed from person to person, usually long duration and generally slow progression

Endemic

exists permanently in a geographical area of population group

Epidemic

sudden increase of a disease above what is expected in that population, disease - restricted to a certain area

Pandemic

extensive epidemic - widespread, affecting many countries/continents

Zoonotic

infectious diseases of animals which can cause disease when transmitted to humans

Mortality

Death

Morbidity

State of being ill or diseased

Vector

the mosquito - parasite which carries a pathogen

Pathogen

Microorganisms such as bacteria or viruses that causes diseases

Prevalence of disease

the total number of cases in a population at one time

Incidence of disease

The number of NEW cases in a population during a particular time

Incidence rate

number of new cases divided by the number of people at risk

Top 3 causes of mortality (2021)

heart disease

covid

stroke

Patterns in disease Malaria

2017 3.3 bn people across 97 countries at risk of malaria

children under 5 are the most vulnerable

WHO african region accounted for 93% of malaria deaths in 2017

overall decrease in cases from 2010-2018

Patterns of disease in HIV

2015 51% adults with HIV

west and central africa, 64% of new HIV infections in young women 2015

girls aged 15-19 are 5 times more likely to be infected than boys

Patterns of disease TB

2015 1.5 million died

2018, 30 high TB burden countries account for 87% of new cases

Globally TB falling 2% per year

Patterns of disease diabetes

rising in low and middle income countries

2016 1.6 m deaths - 7th leading cause of death

Patterns of disease - CVD

top cause of death globally - 31% of global deaths 2016

¾ take place in low to middle income countries

4 forms of disease diffusion

expansion

relocation

contagious

hierarchial

What is the Hägerstrand model of diffusion

innovation spread

human interaction

distance matters

time lags

barriers to diffusion

4 steps of disease outbreak

primary step

expansion step

condensation step

saturation step

Factors that affect global patterns of diease

temperature

precipitation

relief

water sources