DevComm Midterms

Iron Curtain

Iron Curtain

the term “Third World” is no longer in vogue after the fall of the ___ in Europe

poverty

The most menacing problem that plage developing societies

japayukis

young ladies who are forced to sacrifice their morals for a stint in Japan

Six

__ out of 10 Filipinos are poor. This estimate is based on optimis- tic figures of the National Census and Statistics Office.

eight

If we base our figures on current poverty indices of organiza-tions such as the University of Asia and the Pacific, we estimate that __ out of 10 Filipinos are below the poverty line.

under-employed

You are unemployed when you do not earn a living. You are __ when your job requires skills that are way below what you trained for. Consequently, you are paid way below your worth.

six

World population has reached the __ billion mark and is rapidly in- creasing.

Seven

_ out of the 10 most highly populated nations are developing countries.

undernutrition and overnutrition

malnutrition wears two faces:

1960s

In the mid-__, the phrase “vicious cycle of poverty” was introduced to development jar- gon.

Daniel Lerner

noted policy scientist __ introduced the phrase “vicious cycle of poverty” to development jargon.

vicious cycle of poverty

characterized a situation wherein:

...no sustained economic growth is possible because each specific advance is rapidly checked by some counter-ten- dency in the social system.

excessive population growth

The most important of such counter tendencies in the vicious cycle of poverty is?

Low Productivity

Not Enough Food

Malnutrition

Poor Education

High Birth Rate

Unemployment/Underemployment

Unequal Wealth Distribution

Low Income

Low Savings and Investments

Lack of Technology

Low Productivity

The Vicious Cycle of Poverty

1970s

When was the “problematique” coined?

Michael Molenda and Anthony Di Paolo

two communication scientists from Indiana University who observed a cer- tain tendency for problems in communication systems to come in clusters and recur.

problematique

tendency for problems in communication systems to come in clusters and recur are referred to as a “___” situation.

problematique

a complex cluster of problems that are so virulent in nature that they recur every so often.

Subordinate influential factors

Symptoms

Superordinate influential factors

Root causes

“problematique”

Until the root cause is identified and eradicated, the cluster of problems will al- ways recur. The important thing is to identify the superordinate influential factors through a series of unstructured, open-ended interviews. This procedure is known as the ___ technique.

Identify a problem situation

Draft a problematique map

List down the reasons that directly cause this situation

ask Why? for each reason identified until this question can no longer be answered.

link these reasons to the problem situation with a line and an arrowhead pointing towards the problem to establish causality.

The Problematique Technique:

Librero (1993)

Coined the “problematique map”

gross national product

For a time, many equated development with new roads and tall buildings. These were the observable signs of an increasing ___, the gauge of a nation’s wealth.

man

From a development communication perspective, however, the true measure of development is

G Belkin

Wrote “A Poem on Development”

Second World War

it was only after the ___ when people began applying the term “devel- opment” in the context of nations and societies.

John Maynard Keynes

before him, the term development was more frequently applied in biology than in economics.

Development

was the desired goal or end- state for countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, all with agri- culture-based economies and post-colonial histories, some of which were ravaged by the war.

United States Agency for International Development and

the United Nations Development Programme

Development was institutionalized as a fashionable adjunct to the newly-formed national and international agencies such as the

First Developmental Decade

A surge of activity promoting development soon ensued internationally with the Western nations as the donors and countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America as the beneficiaries focusing on infrastructure and agricultural productivity.

1960s

The First Developmental Decade

gross national product (GNP)

There was no question about the so-called yardstick for develop- ment in the 1960s. The most accurate measure of development was the

gross national product

the total money value of the goods and services produced by a country in a given year.

direct correlation

Econo- mists argued that there was a ___ between develop- ment and the growth of the GNP.

five

In the 1960s, a country such as the Philippines whose GNP was increasing by __ percent and above was undeniably on its way to development.

1960s

It was during this decade that the word underdeveloped was substituted by its more acceptable euphemism, developing.

human resource development or in education

During the First Development Decade, several feasibility studies which formed part of technical assistance grants for World Bank loans were conducted. Many of these studies concluded that it was as feasible to invest in ____ as in infrastructure in developing countries.

trickle down effect

Economists argued that, eventually, a __ would spread the benefits of economic development to every stratum of human so- ciety including the “poorest of the poor.”

First World

Second World

Third World Countries

Towards the end of the 1960s, the development and underdevelop- ment dichotomy gave way to a three-way categorization.

First World Countries

the developed or industrial-commercial countries

Second World Countries

the communist countries (or countries with centrally planned economies)

Third World

The developing countries from Asia, Africa, and South America made up the

1970s

the ___ ushered in what the United Nations calls the Second Development Decade

humanistic

the Second Development Decade had an obvious paradigm shift in perspective from the economic to the

the improvement of the quality of life of the individual.

Development began to assume a deeper meaning during the Second Development Decade:

Man

During the second development decade, ___ became the measure of development.

EF Schumacher

an economist by profession, was deeply influenced by Buddhist philosophy.

E.F. Schumacher

His unique brand of Buddhist economics became the subject of a very influential book in the mid-1970s entitled Small is Beautiful: Economics as if People Mattered.

Dudley Seers

was the Director of the Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex.

Dudley Seers

Like Ghandi, he believed that development should provide the necessary conditions for “the realization of the potential of human personality.”

1. enough food, clothing, footwear, and shelter

2. meaningful employment

3. equality

4. education

According to Seers, the presence of these conditions determines whether a country is developed or not. The following conditions should serve as indicators for devel- opment:

Development Academy of the Philippines

Taking the cue from Seers, the ___ launched the Social Indicators Project in October 1973

Social Indicators Project

launched to develop a comprehensive measure for development, a “national social accounting system”

Mahar Mangahas

project director of the Social Indicators Project

Health and Nutrition

Education and Skills

Income and Consumption

Employment

Capital and Non Human Resources

Housing, Utilities, and Environment

Public Safety and Justice

Social Mobility

Political Values

Nine Areas of Concern of the Social Indicators Project

1980s

The ___ became known as the Third Development Decade.

Third Development Decade

By this time, widespread disillusionment on the slow pace of and frustrations in development work has made the use of the phrase superfluous.

Third Development Decade

The decade brought in a realignment of priorities among interna- tional funding institutions along the lines of Seers’ thought. From infrastructure, investments were channeled to agriculture, education, and health.

Women In Development

Environment

Social Dimensions

Indigenous Peoples

Sustainable Development

Several landmark concerns were introduced during the Third Development Decade. Among them are as follows:

World Environment Conference

The __ in Stockholm in the late 1970s ushered in a serious concern for the environment in the development arena.

role of women in development

Concerns for the ___ became translated as valid components in almost all fields of development endeavor. Years later, when the tendency was observed for the pendulum to swing extremely in favor of women, this agenda was repackaged into a more neutral set of concerns called “gender issues.”

Social Dimensions

Much of the criticism on earlier development efforts were leveled on the apparent lack of concern for the negative social and cultural impacts that a development intervention would bring.

Hydroelectric

__ power is the cheapest source of elec- tricity. It is also one of the cleanest, with little or no pollutants produced.

Social Dimensions Unit

The Asian Development Bank has established a ___ to look into the primary and higher order impacts of pro- posed development interventions to the social and cultural lives of affected communities.

United States Agency for International Development

the __ has developed a procedure for social soundness analysis and has established it as a requirement for pipe- line projects to be approved.

Sustainable development

is the convergence of economic, social, and environmental goals.

Green Revolution

the Third World’s experience in agricultural production or the so-called __

Paradigm shifts

We called these changes in development perspectives from the 1960s to the 1980s?

paradigm

a __ is a way of explaining things

paradigm

Ideally, a __ adopts a set of assumptions about nature (called epistemology), a unique pattern of interpretation, reasoning, and theorizing.

paradigm

A __ may be described in a number of ways: a perspective; a way of looking at things; a school of thought; a particular model of reality adopted by a scientist or theoretician when conducting an inquiry.

the technological paradigm;

the economic paradigm;

the structural paradigm; and

the values paradigm.

There are four major paradigms used in analyzing underdevelopment, namely:

The technological paradigm

Their premise is based on the observation that Western nations are rich because they employ modern technology in agriculture, industry, transportation, telecommunications, and health.

Technology

is the panacea of the problems associated with underdevelopment.

economic fundamentalism

The Economic Paradigm follows that the best instruments for development are sound monetary and fiscal policies. This view is referred to as

ceteris paribus

the Latin phrase, ___, i.e., “All things being equal.”

The structural paradigm

This paradigm assumes that existing social orders dictating classes and castes, the ruler and the ruled, as well as the explicit and im- plicit laws that govern them have innate deficiencies and contradic- tions that breed inequality, poverty, corruption and eventually lead to its collapse.

The values paradigm

According to this paradigm, the ills of our society may be traced to our values as a people.

Moral Regeneration Movement

a Senate sub-committee sponsored Senate Resolution Number 10 directing the Department of Education, Culture and Sports to look into the strengths and weaknesses of the Filipino national character to de- termine how these affect our development as a nation. This Senate resolution eventually spawned the

John Godfrey Saxe

Wrote The Six Blind Men and the Elephant

Principle of Selectivity

This principle states, in short, that our vision of the world is limited by selective exposure, selective perception, and selective retention.

sharing

In the past, you probably used the words “sending” or “receiving” when referring to communication. These days, we prefer the word “__.”

share

The word “___” is important in any discussion of com- munication because it connotes something that two or more people do together rather than something one person does or gives to some- one else.

Kincaid and Schramm

They define communication as “the process of sharing and the relationship of the participants in this process.”

Black and Bryant (1992)

They define communication as:

1. the process by which individuals share meaning.

2. the process by which an individual (the communicator) trans- mits stimuli (usually verbal symbols) to modify the behavior of other individuals (communicatee).

3. occurring whenever information is passed from one place to another.

4. not simply the verbal, explicit, and intentional transmission of message; it includes all those processes by which people influ- ence one another.

5. occurring when person A communicates message B through channel C to person D with effect E. Each of these letters is an unknown to some extent, and the process can be solved for any one of them or for any combination.

Dennis McQuail and Sven Windahl

wrote one of the classic texts used in graduate communication classes. This was “Communication Models for the Study of Mass Communication”

Not all communication has to be human communication.

Animals communicate with animals, animals communicate with people, traffic lights communicate with drivers, machines com- municate with other machines.

McQuail and Windahl

They list the following definitions of Communication ...

1. is the transmission of information, ideas, attitudes, or emotion from one person or group to another (or others) primarily through symbols (Theodorson and Theodorson, 1969).

2. in the most general sense, occurs wherever one system, a source, influences another, the destination, by manipulation of alterna- tive symbols, which can be transmitted over the channel con- necting them (Osgood et al., 1957)

3. may be defined as “social interaction through messages” (Gerbner, 1967)

4. is a process by which a source sends a message to a receiver by means of some channel to produce a response from the re- ceiver, in accordance with the intention of the source (SRA Sourcebook, 1996).

be present at the same time

Not all participants in a communication process have to ___. This is why we still know what Christ, Confucius, and Plato taught, and why you can commu- nicate through letters, posters, and other media.

large distances of space and time

Because of information and the ways with which man creates, maintains, stores, retrieves, processes, and interprets it, communication can take place over ___. Thus, people can communicate through audiotape, videotape, e-mail, and regular mail.

words

Not all communication takes place in ___. The traffic enforcer’s whistle, the traffic light, the map—all these communicate. Deaf-mutes communicate, mime artists communicate.

two or more participants

Communication does not always require ___. When a security guard hears a noise in the middle of the night, he calls out “Who’s there?” In calling out, he has created information. When no one responds, he realized that no one else is around. He has created and shared information with himself.

thinking

Kincaid and Schramm argue that ___ is actually talking to oneself thus a form of communication. You may even say that it is a form of internal communication by which mes- sages are framed and responded to in much the same way as two people engaged in communication with each other.

process

When communication is looked upon as a ___, it follows that it has elements that are continually changing, dynamic, and interact- ing,

Dynamic

Communication is ever changing, with no clear begin- nings and endings.

Systemic

Communication consists of a group of elements, which interact to influence each other and the system as a whole.

Symbolic interaction

Language is a form of symbols which people use in interacting with each other, in describing and classifying ex- periences. How we select these symbols and how we organize them will affect how others will interpret our messages.

Meaning

is personally constructed. Everyone interprets things in different ways based on their perceptions and backgrounds. This is why we say that these are in people, not in words.