CH10: Motivation & Emotion

Motivation

State in which an organism experiences an inducement or incentive to do something.

Motivation

The “why”

Motives

State that activates us to behavior in a way that moves us toward our goals

Needs

Basic physiological things that we need for survival, such as food, water, and air

Needs create?

Drives

Drives

Arouse us to action and tend to be stronger when we have been deprived longer

Incentives

An object, person, or situation that can satisfy a need or something that is desirable for its own sake

Types of Motivation

1. Intrinsic Motivation

2. Extrinsic Motivation

Intrinsic Motivation

Internal factors

• performed because they bring PERSONAL satisfaction

Extrinsic Motivation

Performed in order to RECEIVE something from others (Praise or approval)

Overjustification effect

Intrinsic motivation is diminished when extrinsic is given

Examples of Overjustification

From volunteering (intrinsic) you become unmotivated because you are now paid(extrinsic) to do the job

Overjustification Effect

People focusing more on the external rewards rather than internal which lead to personal satisfaction

Different Types of Overjustification

• Reinforcement

• Expectation of Extrinsic reward

Types of Reinforcement

• Tangible Rewards

• Intangible Rewards

Tangible Rewards

• Money or Promotions

• Appears to decrease intrinsic motivation

Intangible Rewards

• Praise or Recognition

• Appear to increase motivation

Expectation of Extrinsic Reward

Intrinsic motivation is more likely to decrease if extrinsic reward is expected

Intrinsic Theory of Motivation

William James (1842 - 1910)

William James

• Biological Perspective

• Behavior is driven by instinct aided by survival

Biological Perspective

Certain human behaviors are innate and due to evolutionary programming

Major Criticism of William James’ Intrinsic Theory

• Only describes behavior and unable to explain why people do what they did

• Ignores the role of learning in shaping human behavior

Instincts

Biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior that exist both in people and animals

Arousal Approact to Motivation

Another explanation for human motivation

Arousal Theory

Suggests that there is an optimal level of tension/stress to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation

Environtment

Can affect arousal levels

Environment:

Temperature, Noise, and Lighting

Underaroused

Bored, wants to seek stimulation

Overaroused

• Excessive physiological or emotional stimulation

• The person would likely engage in behavriours to reduce the arousal

Moderate Arousal…

Is the optimal arousal level for performance

Yerkes and Dodson (1908)

Optimal arousal level depends on the complexity and difficulty of the task to be performed

Task Performance

Middle range

Difficult task

Lower levels of arousal

Simple tasks

Higher levels of arousal

Self-Efficacy

An individual's belief in her own capability to complete a task

Bandura theorized

That self-eddicacy plays a role in motivating behavior

Social Motives

• Need for achieve (nAch)

• Need for Affiliation (nAff)

• Need for Intimacy (nInt)

Need for Achievement (nAch)

Drive that people to feel succeed

Need for Affiliation (nAff)

Encourages positive interactions with others

Need for Intimacy (nInt)

Building friendships and relationships

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Emotion

• A subjective state used to describe our feelings

• Relatively Instense

• Conscious of it

• Influenced by experience

Components of Emotion

• Physiological Arousal

• Psychological Appraisal

• Subjective Experiences

Mood

• Prolonged, less intense

• May not be consciously recognized

• Does NOT occur in response to experience