AP world unit 2 mcq

THE TRIUMPH OF DEATH, ANONYMOUS PAINTING FROM FIFTEENTH-CENTURY SICILY

 

The figures in the foreground represent the clergy, nobility, and townspeople.

Developments such as the one depicted in the painting most directly contributed to which of the following?

A decrease in military conflicts
The decline of patriarchy across Afro-Eurasia
The decline of many urban areas

A decrease in technological and scientific innovation

The decline of many urban areas

Which of the following was the major contributing factor to the spread of the plague to Cairo, Beijing, and Florence in the fourteenth century? 

The collapse of the Abbasid caliphate
African trade routes connecting sub-Saharan Africa with Asia and Europe
Trade along the Mongol road system across Central Asia

Indian Ocean trade routes connecting South Asia to China, Southeast Asia, and Europe

Trade along the Mongol road system across Central Asia

All of the following are ways in which the Silk Road impacted peoples lives EXCEPT...

Spread of disease
Spread of nomadic culture

Economic development

Spread of religion

Spread of nomadic culture

Which of the following is true of the expeditions of Chinese Admiral Zheng He in the early 1400s?

He wished to find a new route to Europe in order to participate in European trade.

He crossed the Indian Ocean but did not land on the African coast.

He avoided contact with overseas Chinese communities.
He sailed to ports on the Indian Ocean coastline, including those in East Africa.

He sailed to ports on the Indian Ocean coastline, including those in East Africa.

TYPICAL SAILING ROUTES AND SCHEDULES OF OMANI MERCHANTS TRAVELING TO EAST AFRICA AND CHINA FROM MUSCAT, CIRCA 1400 C.E.

The particular routes and timings of the voyages depicted on the maps best reflect which of the following characteristics of Omani merchants?

Their need to avoid the routes traveled by the faster and better-armed Portuguese trading ships

Their control of the sources of grain needed by Chinese and East African cities
Their Islamic ritual observances, which made travel difficult during the fasting period of Ramadan

Their advanced knowledge of Indian Ocean currents and monsoon wind patterns

Their advanced knowledge of Indian Ocean currents and monsoon wind patterns

The lines on the map above illustrate which of the following?

Seasonal migrations of nomads

Extent of trade routes

Spread of Christianity

Spread of Hinduism

Extent of trade routes

The Little Ice Age, which lasted from 1300 to 1850 C.E., likely had the strongest effect on which of the following?

The severity of the Black Death

The fall of the Aztec civilization

The Ottoman conquest of Constantinople

The Protestant Reformation

The severity of the Black Death

The map above indicates that...

Mali remained isolated from Europe and the Middle East
Mali was a major source and hub of the gold trade

Europeans had begun to make inroads in West Africa

slavery existed in the western Sudan

Mali was a major source and hub of the gold trade

Data adapted from David Wilkinson, “Cities, Civilizations and Oikumenes,” Comparative Civilizations Review: Vols. 27 and 28: Nos. 27 and 28, 1992–1993

 

The changes in the distribution of cities in the period 1200 to 1400 C.E. best support which of the following conclusions?

 The outbreaks of bubonic plague greatly reduced urban populations across Eurasia.

The emergence of the Ottoman Empire significantly increased the percentage of major urban centers in Europe.

The Mongol conquests had a more disruptive impact on the Middle East and Central Asia than they had on East Asia.

The adoption of Champa rice during the Song dynasty significantly increased the share of China’s urban population.

The Mongol conquests had a more disruptive impact on the Middle East and Central Asia than they had on East Asia.

Between 200 B.C.E. and 1450 C.E., the Silk Roads linked which of the following?

The Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea

North Africa and western Europe

East Asia and the Mediterranean Sea

The Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean

East Asia and the Mediterranean Sea

Which innovations contributed to the development of Trans-Saharan trade?

Camels and caravans

Oasis and mercantilism

Paper currency and credit

Astrolabe and compass

Camels and caravans

Who succeed Genghis Khan?

Batu

Monke

Kublai

Ogedei

Ogedei

The strict legal system of established by Genghis Khan was called the...

Chagatai
Kuraltai

Guyuk
Yassa

Yassa

The meet of steppe tribal leaders to elect a new khan was called the...

yassa
guyuk

batu

kuraltai

kuraltai

Which of the following was most responsible for the initial spread of Islam to West Africa?

Officials in Sudanese empires

Soldiers who fought on behalf of the Abbasid caliphate

Merchants on the trans-Saharan trade routes

Muslims fleeing persecution on the Iberian peninsula

Merchants on the trans-Saharan trade routes

Who were the primary groups traversing the Sahara Desert to reach West Africa along the trade routes shown on the map?

European traders

Islamic traders

Mongol traders

Chinese traders

Islamic traders

What was one significant effect of the Indian Ocean trade shown on the east side of the map?

 

The importation of gold from Arabia

The conversion of most of the coastal parts of eastern Africa to Christianity

The emigration of large numbers of Africans to southern Asia

The development of the Swahili language

The development of the Swahili language

What is the main reason that there were no significant trade routes in the central portion of the map?

 

The harshness of the terrain made travel practically impossible

The central part of Africa has no significant resources

The hostility of local tribes discouraged outsiders from entering

Linguistic barriers made trade difficuly

The harshness of the terrain made travel practically impossible

According to Marco Polo, Kinsay was governed with an emphasis on which of the following?

Isolationism

Reinforced security

A strong economy

Cultural homogeneity

Reinforced security

Marco Polo visited Kinsay during which of the following dynasties?

Ming

Yuan

Qing

Song

Yuan

The reference to silk clothing is evidence of which of the following insights about Kinsay's occupiers?

The occupiers were advanced in manufacturing

The occupiers reformed the economic structure of China

The occupiers trained in Chinese traditional fabric making

The occupiers tolerated local customs

The occupiers tolerated local customs

The expansion of the Mongol Empire most directly led to which of the following political developments in Afro-Eurasia...

 

The spread of feudalism to western Europe, as the Mongol conquests greatly weakened centralized monarchieser text provided.

The collapse of previously existing states, such as the Song dynasty of China

The expansion of the Mali Empire in West Africa, as the Mongol conquests destroyed the Abbasid Caliphate

The adoption of Islamic systems of rule by Turkic states in the Middle East, such as the Seljuq Empireer text provided.

The collapse of previously existing states, such as the Song dynasty of China

The breakup of the Mongol Empire into separate khanates during the mid-thirteenth century was most connected to which of the following developments?

 

The attempts of Mongol rulers to force their subjects to convert to Islam led to widespread rebellions in Central and East Asia.

Rebellions in China overthrew Mongol rule there and led to the reestablishment of Han Chinese rule under the Ming dynasty.

Mongol traditions emphasized tribal and personal loyalties and made it difficult to establish long-lasting centralized dynastic rule, which led to civil war.

The spread of the bubonic plague following the expansion of trade along the Silk Roads weakened the Mongol Empire demographically and militarily.

Mongol traditions emphasized tribal and personal loyalties and made it difficult to establish long-lasting centralized dynastic rule, which led to civil war.

 Which of the following best describes an effect of the establishment of the Mongol Empire upon Silk Road long distance trade?

 

The Silk Road trade declined because the Mongol merchants preferred to use maritime long-distance trade networks instead.

The Silk Road trade collapsed following the Mongol conquests because most trading cities along the Silk Roads were destroyed and never recovered.

The Silk Road trade was not affected by the Mongol conquests because the tribal and nomadic nature of Mongol society meant that Mongol demand for luxury goods was virtually nonexistent.

The Silk Road trade increased because the Mongol conquests helped connect more regions of Eurasia economically and commercially.

The Silk Road trade increased because the Mongol conquests helped connect more regions of Eurasia economically and commercially.

From a political perspective, the Mongol state is best described as...

an ethnic group

a tribal kin-group

a republic

a confederacy

a confederacy

 

 

The spread of which of the following religious traditions was most directly facilitated by trade along the routes shown on the map?

 

Judaism

Islam

Christianity

Buddhism

Islam

Before 1450 C.E. which of the following is true of sub-Saharan Africa’s commercial economy?

The Sahara Desert prevented sub-Saharan traders from participating in long-distance trade.
Phoenician merchants controlled most of the long-distance trade of sub-Saharan Africa.
The Mali—Great Zimbabwe trade route dominated the economy of sub-Saharan Africa.
Sub-Saharan Africa exported gold to the Middle East and Europe.

Sub-Saharan Africa exported gold to the Middle East and Europe.

THE TRIUMPH OF DEATH, ANONYMOUS PAINTING FROM FIFTEENTH-CENTURY SICILY

Scala/Art Resource, NY

The figures in the foreground represent the clergy, nobility, and townspeople.

 

The scene depicted in the painting is best understood in the context of which of the following wider Afro-Eurasian developments?

 

The collapse of papal authority

The revival of classical architecture

The spread of epidemic diseases

The diffusion of artistic traditions

The spread of epidemic diseases

Which of the following factors helps explain the rise of urban centers and the increase in trade in Afro-Eurasia during the second half of the thirteenth century? 

The availability of safe and reliable transport along land-based trade routes

The decline of the Mongol khanates across Asia

The increase in all forms of coerced labor to build housing

The reopening of Indian Ocean trade networks by Chinese explorers

The availability of safe and reliable transport along land-based trade routes

Ibn Battuta traveled widely across the Middle East, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Africa in the fourteenth century. His travels serve as evidence for the...

widespread use of paper money

unifying influence of Islam

political unity of Africa and Asia

excellent condition of roads in Africa and Asia

unifying influence of Islam

Which of the following was the most important factor in the spread of Islam in Southeast Asia in the period circa 1250–1500 C.E.? 

Muslim rulers’ policy of toleration of all religions practiced in their realms

The relative lack of interest in Islam among Hindus and Buddhists

The activities of Muslim traders and Sufi missionaries

The religious zeal of Muslim soldiers willing to die to spread Islam

The activities of Muslim traders and Sufi missionaries

  

 

The photograph above of a mosque (first erected in the fourteenth century) in the modern-day West African country of Mali best exemplifies which of the following historical processes?

Conflict between local and universalizing religions

Spread of religion along trade routes

Abandonment of indigenous cultural styles in the face of colonization

Imposition of religion through military conquest

Spread of religion along trade routes

What best describes the type of goods moved along the Silk Roads?

Luxury goods

Industrial goods

Agricultural goods

Manufactured goods

Luxury goods

ILLUSTRATION IN A CHRONICLE DEPICTING A MASS BURIAL IN THE CITY OF TOURNAI, LOCATED IN MODERN BELGIUM, CIRCA 1349

 

  

The mortality depicted in the image most directly contributed to which of the following changes in Europe in the late fourteenth and fifteenth centuries?

 

The Protestant Reformation

The decline of serfdom

The end of feudalism

The collapse of the Byzantine Empire

The decline of serfdom

Which of the following factors represents the most significant cause of the growth of cities in Afro-Eurasia in the period 1000–1450 ?

Decreased agricultural productivity

Increased interregional trade

Increased invasions

Climate change

Increased interregional trade

Which of the following contributed to the Chinese government’s decision to stop voyages of exploration in the Indian Ocean in the early fifteenth century?

Government concern with domestic problems and frontier security

Armed resistance from Arab navies

Fear of the spread of the plague to China

The destruction of the Chinese fleet by typhoons

Government concern with domestic problems and frontier security

Which Abrahamic religion embraced and benefited from trade between 1200 and 1450 CE?

Judaism

Christianity

Islam

Buddhism

Islam

Silk Road trade lead to the development of urban centers in central Eurasia such as Kashgar and...

Hangchow

Xia

Timbuktu

Samarkand

Samarkand

Mongol children started to ride horses at the age of...

3

2

7

5

3

Which of the following societies engaged in extensive maritime trade well beyond their borders in the fifteenth century?

Mesoamericans in the Pacific Ocean

Russians in the Pacific Ocean

Bantu peoples in the Indian Ocean

Chinese in the Indian Ocean

Chinese in the Indian Ocean

Historians that argue the Mongols were a positive force for change in world history often cite all of the following except...

The development of paper currency

Political stability in Central Eurasia

Pax Mongolica

reinvigoration of the Silk Road

The development of paper currency

The following question(s) refer to the passage below.

“Between the eighth and tenth centuries Arabs brought back from India a variety of crops that they then began cultivating in the Middle East. These included staple crops such as hard wheat, rice, sugarcane, and new varieties of sorghum; fruits such as banana, sour orange, lemon, lime, mango, watermelon, and the coconut palm; vegetables such as spinach, artichoke, and eggplant; and the key industrial crop, cotton. From Iraq, many of these crops then spread westward all the way to Muslim Spain, which was transformed into a veritable garden under Muslim rule. Other crops passed by ship from southern Arabia to East Africa, while still others moved by caravan from northwest Africa across the Sahara to tropical West Africa. This was especially true for cotton, whose diffusion in Africa directly paralleled the spread of Islam itself.”

 Richard Eaton, United States historian of South Asia, Islamic History as Global History, 1990.

 

The spread of cotton as described by Eaton in the passage most directly contributed to which of the following economic developments in the period 600–1450 C.E.?

Increased demand for and production of textiles in India, Persia, and the Middle East

The development of new forms of credit and monetization

The decline of China’s silk and porcelain industries

The expansion of the system of using indentured servants to work in imperial workshops

Increased demand for and production of textiles in India, Persia, and the Middle East

Which of the following was the most important factor in the spread of the bubonic plague in Eurasia? 

The Mongol expansion from central Asia to China, eastern Europe, and the Middle East

The spread of Buddhism from central Asia to China

The population decline and the outbreak of peasant revolts in eastern Europe

The consolidation of western European monarchies

The Mongol expansion from central Asia to China, eastern Europe, and the Middle East

In the period 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E., merchant diaspora communities, such as those of Muslims in India, Chinese in Southeast Asia, and Jews in the Mediterranean, had which of the following in common?

They generally lost touch with their homelands and merged with the local population.

They generally imposed their own languages on the local communities.

They generally became military outposts that facilitated the expansion of empires.

They generally introduced their own cultural practices into the local cultures.

They generally introduced their own cultural practices into the local cultures.

In order to identify the most capable people, Genghis Khan instituted a system of...

matrilinialism

meritocracy

gerontocracy

feudalism

meritocracy

Which of the following characterized the trans-Saharan trade by 1250 C.E.?

 

Most trade was carried by horse rather than by people.

The bulk of the trade consisted of low-priced commodities.

European Christians became directly involved in the trade.

Muslim merchants dominated the trade.

Muslim merchants dominated the trade.

Map 1

  

 

Map 2

  

 

The maritime trade connections involving East Africa shown on Map 1 provided a setting for which of the following developments?

 

The development of the compass

The appearance of social structures privileging men over women

The spread of Islam

The emergence of commercial credit through banks

The spread of Islam

“I am a griot … we are vessels of speech; we are the repositories which harbor secrets many centuries old. Without us the names of kings would vanish into oblivion. We are the memory of mankind; by the spoken word we bring to life the deeds and exploits of kings for younger generations. … I teach kings the history of their ancestors so that the lives of the ancients might serve them as an example, for the world is old, but the future springs from the past.”

An African griot (storyteller), circa 1950, introducing the oral epic of King Sundiata of Mali, composed circa 1400 C.E.

The introduction by the griot is intended to serve which of the following purposes?

To highlight the griot’s unique abilities as compared to other griots

To establish the griot’s authority by connecting him to the past

To exalt the Malian kings above previous dynasties

To portray Mali as a progressive society that is improving on the past

To establish the griot’s authority by connecting him to the past

“If it were asked, why do we accept the theory of contagion, when already the divine law has refuted the notion of contagion, we will answer: The existence of contagion has been proved by experience, deduction, the senses, observation, and by unanimous reports. And it is not a secret to whoever has looked into this matter or has come to be aware of it that those who come into contact with plague patients mostly die, while those who do not come into contact survive. And amidst the horrible afflictions that the plague has imposed upon the people, God has afflicted the people with some learned religious scholars who issue fatwas* against fleeing the plague, so that the quills with which the scholars wrote these fatwas were like swords upon which the Muslims died. In conclusion, to ignore the proofs of plague contagion is an indecency and an affront to God and holds cheap the lives of Muslims.”

 

*rulings on Islamic law

 

Lisan al-Din Ibn al-Khatib, A Very Useful Inquiry into the Horrible Sickness, Granada, Spain, 1349–1352

 

The passage by al-Khatib is best understood in the context of which of the following? 

 

The continuing endemic presence of malaria in the Mediterranean

The spread of syphilis in Spain as a result of increased contacts with the Western Hemisphere

The spread of the Black Death in the aftermath of the Mongol conquests

The increase in diseases associated with improvements in diet and longevity

The spread of the Black Death in the aftermath of the Mongol conquests

Which of the following represents an ongoing historical trend that benefited Marco Polo at the time this account was written?

The resurgence of the Silk Road allowed for easier overland trade during the rule of the Yuan dynasty

The success of the transatlantic trade boosted interest in exploring the Far East, leading to many wealthy Europeans financing opportunities for explorers to travel to Asia

The trade connection established by the Mongol empire enabled the free passage and trading opportunities that allowed Marco Polo to complete his journey

The spread of the Black Plague limited meaningful interaction between would-be trade partners from separate regions of Euro-Asia

The trade connection established by the Mongol empire enabled the free passage and trading opportunities that allowed Marco Polo to complete his journey

Which of the following best explains a development in the trans-Saharan trade networks in the period 1200–1450?

 

The geographic range of the networks increased because of improved commercial practices.

The networks became more dangerous because of religious conflict between Christian and Muslim states.

The value of merchandise along the networks increased because of demand for silver and bronze from Muslim states in North Africa and the Middle East.

The networks were increasingly disrupted because of the growing importance of maritime commerce.

The geographic range of the networks increased because of improved commercial practices.

Which of the following best explains why trade along the trans-Saharan trade networks increased in the period 1200–1450?

 

Increasing literacy rates allowed merchants to develop more complex business partnerships.

The introduction of new commercial technologies, such as the compass, made it easier for merchants to find their destinations in the desert.

Innovations in previously existing transportation technologies, such as the caravan, allowed merchants to carry larger loads and protect themselves.

The expansion of banking houses made it easier for merchants to fund their commercial activities.

Innovations in previously existing transportation technologies, such as the caravan, allowed merchants to carry larger loads and protect themselves.

Which of the following best explains an effect of the expansion of the Mali Empire on the trans-Saharan trade networks?

 

It facilitated commercial growth by expanding the number of people participating in the trade networks.

It led to an increase in trade by imposing the merchant-friendly religion of Islam on its subjects.

It expanded commerce by establishing maritime as well as overland connections with the Swahili states of East Africa.

It expanded commercial activity by promoting scientific and cultural exchange.

It facilitated commercial growth by expanding the number of people participating in the trade networks.