Human Microbiome: Functions, Composition, and Health Impacts

What is the human microbiome?

The bacteria, viruses, and fungi that live on and in us.

What are four key functions of the gut microbiome?

1. Storage of fat 2. Breaking down toxins 3. Creating blood vessels 4. Activating cells that absorb nutrients

How do helpful microorganisms contribute to the gut and skin?

They replenish the linings by replacing damaged and dying cells.

What role do native microbes play in the body?

They form part of the immune defense system.

What are the two most common types of bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract?

Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes

What are five key functions of the gut microbiota?

1. Adhere to the intestinal wall 2. Produce antimicrobial substances 3. Produce mucin to boost immunity 4. Digest certain foods and produce B & K vitamins 5. Aid nutrient absorption (e.g., calcium, magnesium, iron)

What is the mucosa and what is its immune function?

The mucosa is made of epithelium and produces immunoglobulins as an immune defense.

What is the primary function of the small intestine?

To digest food particles and extract nutrients for the body to absorb.

Where is the largest number of bacterial cells found in the human body?

In the large intestine (colon).

What is the predominant type of microorganism in the oral microbiome?

Bacteria

What is dental plaque an example of?

A biofilm that forms on teeth.

What are five factors that can affect the microbiota?

Diet, climate changes, stress, illness, and certain medications.

How can antibiotics negatively affect the digestive system?

They may decrease stomach acid, increase pH, and allow harmful bacteria to thrive.

What is the term for an imbalance in the gut microbiota?

Dysbiosis

What gastrointestinal issues are common in autistic children according to the notes?

Diarrhea, constipation, or abnormal eating habits.

According to the notes, what is linked to a higher risk of heart disease?

Eating red meat.

What is one area of ongoing research mentioned about the gut microbiome?

Whether a more diverse gut microbiome is linked to better health.