Organology

organ

the aggregate of different tissues working together for a definite function

organology

the science that deals with study of organs

all

what vertebrates are covered by skin or integument

protection, secretion, absorption, excretion

skin's several functions

epidermis

outermost part of the frog's skin is

epithelial cells

what is the epidermis of the frog's skin made up of

dermis

inner part of the epidermis

connective tissue fibers

the dermis is mostly made up of?

stratum corneum

outermost part of the epidermis is called

flat and thin squamous cells

what is the stratum corneum composed of

can eventually die and shed off after some time

lifetime of stratum corneum

stratum germinativum

what is the layer after the stratum corneum

cells that are cuboidal in shape

what is the stratum germinativum composed of

may be rectangular in shape

cells adjacent to stratum corneum are what shape

chromatophores, brownish

inner cells of layer adjacent to stratum corneum contains ___ which appear __

2, stratum spongiosum and stratum compactum

the dermis has ___ regions, called ___

stratum spongiosum

which region of the dermis is thinner and composed of loosely arranged connective tissue fibers

cutaneous glands

there are cavities in the stratum spongiosum that represent the _

flask shaped glands that have a narrow neck and round body or fundus

describe what cutaneous glands are

secrete mucus that makes the skin of the frogs slimy

what do cutaneous glands do

poison glands

what glands do toads possess that are unique to them

body defense and offense

what are the poison glands of a frog used for

blood vessels and nerves

what else can be found in thee layer of the stratum spongiosum aside from cutaneous glands

stratum compactum

this layer in the dermis is the innermost thick horizontal layer of connective tissue running parallel to the epidermis

they run parallel to the epidermis

how is the stratum compactum arranged

loose connective tissue fibers and adipose tissue

in some sections of the stratum compactum what will you encounter

through the blood vessels

how is the blood able to flow and distributed to all parts of the body

arteries, veins, capillaries

the three types of blood vessels

very small, thin walled and made up of a single layer of squamous cells

describe capilliaries

tunica externa (tunica adventitia)
tunica media
tunica interna (tunica intima)
endothelial lining

what are the parts of an artery

tunica externa

This part of the artery is composed of loosely arranged connective tissue with fibers arranged longitudinally

some fibrocytes

what else is seen in tunica externa layer [artery]

middle layer

tunica media is also known as

tunica media

the thickest of all artery layers

tunica media

this artery layer consists of smooth muscle cells arranged in a circular manner

tunica interna

the thinnest and innermost artery layer

tunica interna

this artery layer is composed of smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers are arranged longitudinally

endothelium

the thin sheet of(innermost)squamous cells forming the lining of the lumen [artery]

the artery is thicker

the difference between a vein and an artery

tunica, adventitia,
tunica media,
tunica intima,
with inner sheet of endothelium

parts of the vein starting from the outermost layer

tunica adventitia, tunica media

muscle layer in ___ of vein is thicker than the muscle layer of the __

the thickness of the tunica adventitia

what gives the lumen its oval to elongated appearance [veins]

the hollow portion of the vessel

what is the lumen

stomach

the big sac like part of the digestive tube

stomach

this part is for temporary storage of food and initial digestion

intestine

what is the stomach very similar to

ruga, plural: rugae

inner finger like folds of stomach

ruga or rugae

counter part of villus or villi

ruga is broader and thicker than the villus

difference between villi and rugae

the folds

what part increases the surface area of the rugae

gastric glands

what are within the folds of the rugae

several tubular depressions which are lined by epithelial cells

what are gastric glands

mouth, neck, and body

parts of the gastric gland

fundus

what is another name for the body of the gastric gland

polygonal cells

the cells below the neck and down to the body of the gastric glands are

specialized to secrete gastric juice

what is the function of polygonal cells of gastric glands?

tunica serosa,
tunica muscularis
tela submucosa
connective tissue layer
tunica mucosa

layers of the walls of the stomach starting from outermost area

tunic serosa

which layer of the stomach is the outermost layer

tunica muscularis

which layer of the stomach is the thickest layer

spindle shaped cells

what is the cells of tunica muscularis layer of the stomach shaped like as

smooth muscles

what is the tela submucosa layer of the stomach composed of

tunica mucosa

what is the layer of the stomach where mucus glands abound, lining the lumen of the stomach

they are much thicker in the stomach

tunica muscularis + tunica mucose in stomach vs small intestine

24 feet in a human

how long is the intestine

intestine

tube where final digestion of food takes place

tunica serosa

the outermost layer of the intestine

peritoneum

what lines the surface of the intestine (tunica serosa)

tunica muscularis

bulkiest or thickest layer of the intestine

tunica muscularis

2nd layer of the intestine

1. outer thin longitudinal muscle layer
2. circular muscle layer

tunica muscularis of intestine is divided into 2 sub layers -

the direction of muscle fibers

what are the names of the sub layers of tunica muscularis based on

tela submucosa

what is the layer after tunica muscularis in intestine

tela submucosa

this layer of the intestine is made up of connective tissues with blood vessels and lymph space

tunica mucosa

the innermost layer of the intestine

tunica mucosa

composed of epithelial cells thrown into folds/villi/

they help increase the absorbing area of the intestine

tunica mucosa is thrown into the folds because __ (intestine)

columnar with free ends that have flask shaped depressions called goblet cells

what is the description of the epithelial cells lining the tunica mucosae

primarily for the secretion of mucus

what are goblet cells' functions

liver

considered as the biggest gland of the body

liver

this weighs around 1.5 to 2 kg

liver

this is composed of 4 lobes of varying sizes

polygonal cells with deeply stained nuclei

describe the liver cells in a cross section

sinusoids

tissues clustered with spaces in between polygonal cells of liver

blood vessels

big spaces of different shapes in liver

veins lined with thin squamous epithelial tissue

most of the blood vessels that you see in the liver are _

arteriole

[liver] small round shaped blood vessel with a thick wall

small cavities that are surrounded by five to six cuboidal cells

what are the bile capillaries in liver

when those bigger cavities have more than 6 cuboidal cells

when can a cavity be called a bile duct

the pigment granules scattered in the liver

what give the liver a distinct color

kidneys

what are the primary excretory organs of vertebrates

bean shaped

what shape are the kidneys

150g

how much do kidneys weigh

1million nephrons

what is a kidney composed of

nephrons

what are the functional units of the kidney

dorsal - rounded
ventral - concave

in the cross section of a kidney, what side is rounded with the other being concave

small mass of epithelial cells /adrenal gland

along the ventral border, attached is a __ [kidney]

the lateral side

which side of the kidney appears more pointed and is where the mesonephric duct and renal portal vein are found

blood corpuscles in the lumen

What is the renal portal vein [kidney]

lined with cuboidal cells around its lumen

what is the mesonephric duct [kidney]

malpighian body, numerous prominent rounded masses

what is in the ventral part of the kidney