APUSH Period 6 1865-1898

Ellis Island

an immigration center in New York harbor, medical exams and taxes to enter U.S. - 1892

Political Machines

powerful urban organizations that welcomed immigrants in order to get their votes for elections

Tammany Hall

NYC’s dominant democratic political machine known for corruption and trading jobs for votes - especially irish immigrants

Jane Addams

started the Hull House, a settlement house in Chicago - 1889

Settlement Houses

community centers in poor urban areas for middle class people to live with and assist immigrants and the working poor, provided education healthcare childcare

Melting Pot

idea that immigrants quickly shed their “old world” characteristics to become successful citizens of America

Gospel of Wealth

Carnegie’s book and belief that the rich should be paying philanthropy and helping other members of society

W.E.B. Dubois

first black to receive doctorate from Harvard, social scientist who used new statistical methods to study crime in urban areas

Clarence Darrow

a famous lawyer who argued that people can commit crimes because of their background, not everyone is born a criminal

Joseph Pulitzer

owner of New York World newspaper, wrote about crimes, disasters, political + economic corruption

William Randolph Hearst

New York publisher who focused on scandal and sensationalism

New South

vision for South after war, self-sufficient economy, modern capitalist values, industrial growth, modern transportation - past agriculture + race divisions continued instead of changing

George Washington Carver

African American scientist in South who promoted shift towards more diversified agriculture

Tuskegee Institute

college providing industrial training to blacks for economic progress in new south

Civil Rights Cases of 1883

SCOTUS ruled that Congress can’t ban discrimination of race from private citizens and businesses used by the public - to strike down laws made to protect black rights

Plessy vs Ferguson

1896 - SCOTUS said “separate but equal” is ok and didn't violate the 14th amendment

Jim Crow Laws

“separate but equal” supported a wave of segregation laws for racism in South

Literacy Tests

common method used to stop blacks from voting since most were uneducated

Poll Taxes

method used to stop blacks from voting since they didn’t have enough money

Grandfather Clauses

many southern states said if their grandfathers voted in elections before reconstruction, they could too to stop black voting

Ida B Wells

editor of Memphis Free Speech and spoke against lynchings and Jim Crow Laws, got death threats and printing press destroyed

Booker T Washington

accepted discrimination, opened Tuskegee Institute to teach blacks agriculture and how to work past segregation challenges, organized national negro business league to support black owned businesses

W.E.B. DuBois

young black leader who demanded an end to segregation and granting of equal civil rights to all americans

Atlanta Compromise

speech by Booker Washington, belief that black + white southerners shared the responsibility for making their region prosper, accepted segregation but should still work towards same larger goals.

Transatlantic Cable

invention created by Cyrus Field that made it possible to send messages across sea in minutes

Alexander Graham Bell

inventor of the telephone

Henry Bessemer

English man, discovered that blasting air through molten iron produced high quality steel, helped steel increase

Thomas Edison

famous inventor, known for creating electric lightbulb

George Westinghouse

famous electricity inventor, helped light cities, operation of street cars, subways, + electrical appliances, replaced Edison’s work

Cornelius Vanderbilt

king of railroads, created Grand Central in NYC and connected Chicago + NYC

Jay Gould

famous railroad speculator known for unethical tactics like bribes and manipulating stocks to make millions

J.P. Morgan

king of banking, moved in to take control of bankrupt railroads, monopolized rail roads

Andrew Carnegie

Steel King, worked his way up from poverty, became superintendent of PA railroad, began manufacturing steel and quickly came out on top, used vertical integration, philanthropist, opened many libraries across U.S.

United States Steel

first billion dollar company, largest enterprise with over 150,000 employees, controlled 3/5 of steel, company was sold from Carnegie to Morgan to start U.S. Steel

John D. Rockefeller

founded the standard oil trust to monopolize oil and controlled 90% of the oil business, became very rich

Standard Oil

Rockefeller’s monopoly oil company

vertical integration

the company controls every step of production

horizontal integration

buying out your companies to monopolize

holding company

one created to control diverse companies. Example: Morgan had one to control his companies in other industries like banking + steel

Laissez Faire

rejection of government regulation on business

Social Darwinism

inequality is natural + expected, survival of the fittest

survival of the fittest

every man for themself

Protestant Work Ethic

belief that wealth + success was a sign of God’s favor and a reward for hard work

collective bargaining

the ability of workers to negotiate as a group with an employer over wages + working conditions

railroad strike of 1877

during an economic depression, railroads cut wages and a strike began in 11 states and shut down 2/3 of railroads. Scaled nationally + Hayes used federal troops to end it

National Labor Union

first attempt to organize all workers in all states - 1866

Knights of Labor

a second national labor union, aimed against strikes, began as a secret society to avoid skepticism from employers - 1869

Haymarket Bombing

violent event in Chicago where a rally for 8 hour days led to bombing the police, quickly lost support for Knights of Labor as they were largest union at the time - 1886

American Federation of Labor

(AFL) union focused on attaining narrower economic goals like higher wages + better conditions, founded by Samuel Gampers

Samuel Gampers

founder of American Federation of Labor

Homestead Strike

violent labor conflict at Carnegie’s steel mill in PA, wage cuts + lockout by manager Henry Clay Frick against union - 1892

Pullman Strike

railroad strike at car company in Chicago, led by Eugene vs. Debs, expanded to national boycott of Pullman cars, hurt railroads, prompted Cleveland to send troops - 1894

Eugene vs. Debs

led Pullman strike, jailed for not complying with end

old immigrants

immigrants of North + West Europe, mostly protestant and english-speaking, Irish + German Roman catholics faced discrimination

new immigrants

immigrants of South + East Europe, poor + illiterate peasants, Catholic orthodox + Jewish, came to make money and return home

Chinese Exclusion Act

banned new immigrants from China because Chinese were increasingly populating mining towns + taking gold from natives - 1882

Tenement Apartments

overcrowded poorly built apartments in cities meant to house many for landlords to make more $

transcontinental railroad

first finished in 1869, connected East to west, cross-country market, promoted western migration, made transportation and trading easier, irish + immigrant workers

Great American Desert

land between Mississippi River and Pacific, very flat and dry, not good for settlement

Homestead Act

encouraged farming on the Great plains by offering 160 acres of public land free to families to settle it for 5 years - 1862

National Grange Movement

a social and educational organization for farmers and their families, created in 1868 by Oliver Kelley, became active in economics + politics

Granger Laws

state legislatures passed these laws after being influenced by the Granger Movement, benefitted farmers, saved them from unfair taxes

Munn vs Illinois

supreme court upheld right of states to regulate businesses of public nature, like railroad, went against granger laws - 1877

Frederick Jackson Turner

historian who wrote influential which presented settling the frontier as evolutionary in building civilization

the significance of the frontier in America

essay by historian Frederick Turner showing settlement was good for evolution

Little Big Horn

native American victory against the U.S. army with leaders crazy horse and sitting bull over land and resources during reservations - 1876

Ghost Dance Movement

last effort of Indians to resist U.S. government controls, Sitting Bull got killed for his arrest during the movement + U.S. army gunned down over 200 indians in massacre

Helen Hunt Jackson

author of “a century of dishonor” which created sympathy for Indians and generated support for ending Indian culture with assimilation

Dawes Act of 1887

act designed to break up Indian organizations, divided tribal lands out for indian families to become civilized, U.S. citizenship if you stayed for 25 years, policy failed

Indian Reorganization Act

promoted reestablishment of tribal organization and culture, number of Indians increased

Santa Fe Trail

1000 mile route between Santa Fe and Missouri, opened southwest spanish to economic development and settlement

John Muir

leading founder of sierra club, a preservationist, founded national parks, an explorer

Sierra Club

largest and most influential environment organization in U.S., founded by John Muir in 1892

Salvation Army

imported from England in 1879, provided necessities for homeless + poor while preaching the Christian Gospel

Social Gospel

spread by Protestants, the importance of applying Christian principles to social problems by improving housing, raising wages, + healthcare

Jane Addams

settlement worker at Hull House in Chicago, inspired social workers

Susan B Anthony

helped to find NAWSA + get women voting rights

NAWSA

national American women suffrage association, meant to secure voting rights for women

WCTU

women’s christian temperance union, advocated for total abstinence of alcohol, 500,000 members by 1898, started in 1874

Anti-saloon league

powerful political force that persuaded states to close all bars + saloons to stop alcoholism in 1893

Mark Twain

first realist author, wrote the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, revealed true problems in U.S. like poverty, violence, racism, greed

Frank Lloyd Wright

most famous American architect of 20th century, developed an “organic” style of long, horizontal homes

Credit Mobilier

corruption case where Union Pacific railroad insiders formed the Credit Mobilier construction company and overcharged the government for building railroads + paid Congress to cover it up - 1872

interstate commerce act of 1887

congress made act that required railroad rates to be “reasonable and just”, also set up ICC - interstate commerce commision

Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890

congress passed act which prohibited any “contract, combination, in the form of trust or conspiracy in restraint of trade or commerce” - law against monopolies

U.S. vs E.C. Knight Co

ruled that Sherman Antitrust Act could only be applied to commerce, not to manufacturing - 1895

Pendleton Act of 1881

set up the civil service commission and created a system by which applicants for classified federal jobs would be selected on the basis of their scores on a competitive exam

Civil Service Commission

government body that ensures fair, merit-based hiring, promotion, and employment for public servants

Panic of 1873

stock market crashed, railroads went bankrupt, under Cleveland’s presidency, americans blamed gold standard for restricting the money supply and causing the depression, lasted over 3 years

Bland-Allison Act

a compromise law that allowed a limited coinage of between $2-4 million in silver each month after silver coins were removed by Congress in 1870s

African Americans

republicans because of their anti-slavery past kept this groups votes along with reformer’s votes

Solid South

another name for former Confederate states, Democrats won elections here

Farmer’s Alliance

agrarian movements that organized farmers to elect their own representatives + officials to be represented in U.S. gov

Omaha Platform

start of populist party, delegates met in Omaha to talk about policies and elect nominees - 1892

Grover Cleveland

won 1892 election against Harrison, democrat, first president to return after leaving office

William Jennings Bryan

1896 presidential nominee after giving “cross of gold” speech at Democratic national convention

cross of gold speech

powerful speech by Bryan at DNC in 1896 that got him nominated for president

William McKinley

1896 Republican presidential nominee

Gold Standard

paper money is exchanged for gold, no more silver coins, supported by Republican party