APUSH Period 6 1865-1898

Ellis Island

an immigration center in New York harbor, medical exams and taxes to enter U.S. - 1892

Political Machines

powerful urban organizations that welcomed immigrants in order to get their votes for elections

Tammany Hall

NYC’s dominant democratic political machine known for corruption and trading jobs for votes - especially irish immigrants

Jane Addams

started the Hull House, a settlement house in Chicago - 1889

Settlement Houses

community centers in poor urban areas for middle class people to live with and assist immigrants and the working poor, provided education healthcare childcare

Melting Pot

idea that immigrants quickly shed their “old world” characteristics to become successful citizens of America

Gospel of Wealth

Carnegie’s book and belief that the rich should be paying philanthropy and helping other members of society

W.E.B. Dubois

first black to receive doctorate from Harvard, social scientist who used new statistical methods to study crime in urban areas

Clarence Darrow

a famous lawyer who argued that people can commit crimes because of their background, not everyone is born a criminal

Joseph Pulitzer

owner of New York World newspaper, wrote about crimes, disasters, political + economic corruption

William Randolph Hearst

New York publisher who focused on scandal and sensationalism

New South

vision for South after war, self-sufficient economy, modern capitalist values, industrial growth, modern transportation - past agriculture + race divisions continued instead of changing

George Washington Carver

African American scientist in South who promoted shift towards more diversified agriculture

Tuskegee Institute

college providing industrial training to blacks for economic progress in new south

Civil Rights Cases of 1883

SCOTUS ruled that Congress can’t ban discrimination of race from private citizens and businesses used by the public - to strike down laws made to protect black rights

Plessy vs, Ferguson

1896 - SCOTUS said “separate but equal” is ok and didn't violate the 14th amendment

Jim Crow Laws

“separate but equal” supported a wave of segregation laws for racism in South

Literacy Tests

common method used to stop blacks from voting since most were uneducated

Poll Taxes

method used to stop blacks from voting since they didn’t have enough money

Grandfather Clauses

many southern states said if their grandfathers voted in elections before reconstruction, they could too to stop black voting

Ida B Wells

editor of Memphis Free Speech and spoke against lynchings and Jim Crow Laws, got death threats and printing press destroyed

Booker T. Washington

accepted discrimination, opened Tuskegee Institute to teach blacks agriculture and how to work past segregation challenges, organized national negro business league to support black owned businesses

W.E.B. DuBois

young black leader who demanded an end to segregation and granting of equal civil rights to all americans

Atlanta Compromise

speech by Booker Washington, belief that black + white southerners shared the responsibility for making their region prosper, accepted segregation but should still work towards same larger goals.

Transatlantic Cable

invention created by Cyrus Field that made it possible to send messages across sea in minutes

Alexander Graham Bell

inventor of the telephone

Henry Bessemer

English man, discovered that blasting air through molten iron produced high quality steel, helped steel increase

Thomas Edison

famous inventor, known for creating electric lightbulb

George Westinghouse

famous electricity inventor, helped light cities, operation of street cars, subways, + electrical appliances, replaced Edison’s work

Cornelius Vanderbilt

king of railroads, created Grand Central in NYC and connected Chicago + NYC

Jay Gould

famous railroad speculator known for unethical tactics like bribes and manipulating stocks to make millions

J.P. Morgan

king of banking, moved in to take control of bankrupt railroads, monopolized rail roads

Andrew Carnegie

Steel King, worked his way up from poverty, became superintendent of PA railroad, began manufacturing steel and quickly came out on top, used vertical integration, philanthropist, opened many libraries across U.S.

United States Steel

first billion dollar company, largest enterprise with over 150,000 employees, controlled 3/5 of steel, company was sold from Carnegie to Morgan to start U.S. Steel

John D. Rockefeller

founded the standard oil trust to monopolize oil and controlled 90% of the oil business, became very rich

Standard Oil

Rockefeller’s monopoly oil company

vertical integration

the company controls every step of production

horizontal integration

buying out your companies to monopolize

holding company

one created to control diverse companies. Example: Morgan had one to control his companies in other industries like banking + steel

Laissez Faire

rejection of government regulation on business

Social Darwinism

inequality is natural + expected, survival of the fittest

survival of the fittest

every man for themself

Protestant Work Ethic

belief that wealth + success was a sign of God’s favor and a reward for hard work

collective bargaining

the ability of workers to negotiate as a group with an employer over wages + working conditions

railroad strike of 1877

during an economic depression, railroads cut wages and a strike began in 11 states and shut down 2/3 of railroads. Scaled nationally + Hayes used federal troops to end it

National Labor Union

first attempt to organize all workers in all states - 1866

Knights of Labor

a second national labor union, aimed against strikes, began as a secret society to avoid skepticism from employers - 1869

Haymarket Bombing

violent event in Chicago where a rally for 8 hour days led to bombing the police, quickly lost support for Knights of Labor as they were largest union at the time - 1886

American Federation of Labor

(AFL) union focused on attaining narrower economic goals like higher wages + better conditions, founded by Samuel Gampers

Samuel Gampers

founder of American Federation of Labor

Homestead Strike

violent labor conflict at Carnegie’s steel mill in PA, wage cuts + lockout by manager Henry Clay Frick against union - 1892

Pullman Strike

railroad strike at car company in Chicago, led by Eugene vs. Debs, expanded to national boycott of Pullman cars, hurt railroads, prompted Cleveland to send troops - 1894

Eugene vs. Debs

led Pullman strike, jailed for not complying with end

old immigrants

immigrants of North + West Europe, mostly protestant and english-speaking, Irish + German Roman catholics faced discrimination

new immigrants

immigrants of South + East Europe, poor + illiterate peasants, Catholic orthodox + Jewish, came to make money and return home

Chinese Exclusion Act

banned new immigrants from China because Chinese were increasingly populating mining towns + taking gold from natives - 1882

Tenement Apartments

overcrowded poorly built apartments in cities meant to house many for landlords to make more $