Chapter 24: Clinical Correlations

diuretics

These are medications that inhibit urinary water loss, inhibit reabsorption of water.

This is given to patients if their blood pressure is too high.

• decreases blood volume, therefore decreasing blood pressure

pyelogram

Urinary system x-ray from intravenous radiopaque dye

incontinence

This is the inability to control urinary

• caused by sphincter muscle trauma
• caused by CNS injury (such as Alzheimer’s or spinal cord trauma)

• caused by damage to nerves of pelvic floor

nephrolithiasis

An age-related renal condition

• known as renal calculi, or commonly known as kidney stones

• made up of various substances: Ca²⁺ deposits, magnesium salts, or uric acid crystals

This blocks the flow of urine down the ureter; extremely painful → can lead to kidney failure

lithotripsy or surgical removal

What are methods to aid patients who have kidney stones?

One causes sound waves internally to a patient’s body so that the kidney stone gets broken down

nephrons

We lose _______ as we age, thus impeding kidney function and getting a difficult time to create urine

decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Because we lose nephrons as we age, kidney function gets inhibited, and it is more difficult to create urine.

• blood plasma levels increase, and that increases BP

decreased ADH sensitivity

This impedes reabsorption of water as the cells at the area cannot detect ADH

decreased sphincter muscle tone

What can cause urinary reflex dysfunctions?

This could be caused by a stroke, Alzheimer’s, or a male having an enlarged prostate

renal failure

This is known as insufficient waste production and decreased urine production.

The kidneys are unable to adequately form urine.

acute renal ischemia

What type of renal failure is due to abnormal blood flow to kidneys or urinary obstruction? It could be a result of trauma to the kidneys or drug toxcity.

chronic renal failure

What type of renal failure is caused by long term deterioration?

hemodialysis or kidney transplant

If there is increased renal waste in the blood, a patient may consider these methods for treatment.

One of them dialyzes the blood, which removes the metabolic waste from the blood; replicates the function of the kidneys using a machine.

rhabdomyolysis

This is the result of significant, widespread muscle damage. The condition could be due to trauma or extreme exertion.

• this causes extreme edema of affected muscles (could lead to a possible compartment syndrome), lyses muscle fibers, myoglobin floods blood stream (it’s a large protein → not good!)

dark urine

What is a symptom of rhabdomyolysis?

glomeruli and renal tubules

Too much myoglobin or large proteins in the bloodstream could get brought to the kidneys. This interferes with the action of the ________

• GFR and urinary output decreases

• nitrogenous wastes increase in the blood

• we cannot secrete K+ ( - chronotropic and - inotropic factor)

~ runs the risk of cardiac arrest