Exam

Fechner's Law

A principle describing the relationship between the magnitude of a stimulus and the intensity of the sensation it produces.

Colour vision

Perception of color depends on light wavelengths absorbed by materials, with photoreceptors (cones) in the retina sensitive to different wavelengths.

Stroop Effect

A cognitive phenomenon where the color of a word does not match the word itself, causing slower reaction times due to the need to suppress automatic reading.

Trichromatic theory of vision

A theory that the human eye has three types of photoreceptors sensitive to red, green, and blue, allowing perception of a broad spectrum of colors.

Endogenous variables

Variables determined within a system or model.

Exogenous variables

Variables determined outside a system or model, considered independent.

Capgras Syndrome

A psychiatric condition where individuals recognize loved ones but feel a lack of emotional familiarity.

Illusory conjunction

A perceptual phenomenon where features from multiple objects are incorrectly combined, leading to errors in perception.

Controlled processing

A cognitive process that requires conscious attention and resources for goal-directed behavior.

Automatic processing

A cognitive process that does not require conscious attention and can occur with little awareness.

Sustained attention

The ability to maintain focus on a stimulus or task over an extended period.

Modal Model of Memory

A framework describing memory through three stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Working Memory (WM)

A system combining storage aspects of short-term memory with active attention to retain and manipulate information.

Coding specificity principle

The principle stating that information is best recalled when retrieval occurs in the same context as encoding.

Flashbulb memory

Highly vivid memories associated with significant events, often believed to be more accurate than everyday memories.

Anterograde Amnesia

The inability to form new lasting memories after a brain injury.

Retrograde Amnesia

The inability to remember events that occurred prior to a brain injury.

Misinformation effect

A phenomenon where exposure to misleading information after an event distorts recollections of that event.

Category fluency

The ability to quickly name as many examples as possible from a given category.

Exemplar theory

A theory that categorization is based on individual stored examples rather than abstract prototypes.

Superordinate categorization

The ability to categorize objects at a very general level, such as 'mammal' for 'dog.'

Phonology

The sound patterns and rules of a language.

Syntax

The grammatical structure and organization of words in sentences.

Semantics

The meaning of words and sentences.

Functional Fixedness

A cognitive bias that limits a person to using an object only in the way it is traditionally used.

Dunker’s radiation problem

An insight problem requiring creative thinking to devise a non-harmful method for tumor destruction.

Incubation

A break from problem-solving that can enhance creative thought.

Fluency Heuristic

A cognitive bias where familiarity with a prime leads to false recognition.

Loss Aversion

The phenomenon where losses are perceived as more significant than an equivalent gain.

Wakefulness

The physiological state of being awake and aware of the environment.

Dissociation method

A technique to demonstrate a split between conscious awareness of stimulus information and its unconscious influence.

Hypnosis

An intense state of concentration and focus, with varying susceptibility to suggestion among individuals.

Learning styles

The concept that individuals have different preferences for how they learn.

Growth mindset

The belief that abilities can be developed through effort and learning from failures.

Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP)

A presentation technique that keeps the eyes in a fixed position while displaying visual information in a sequence.