Chapter 1 Perception

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What is sensation?

Detecting physical stimuli with sensory receptors

What is perception?

Interpreting sensory signals into meaning

Sensation = bottom-up or top-down?

Bottom-up

Perception = bottom-up or top-down?

Top-down

Name the 5 basic senses

Vision, hearing, taste, smell, touch

What is proprioception?

bodily awareness from tendon/ligament tension

what is nociception?

pain from tissue damage

what is thermoception?

temperature sensation

what is neural transduction?

converting physical stimuli into neural signals

example of neural transduction in vision?

photoreceptors convert light to neural signals

example of neural transduction in hearing?

cochlear cells convert sound to neural signals

First step in hearing a bell?

bell produces sound pressure

what traduces sound?

cochlear cells

how do signals reach the brain?

sensory neurons

what does the thalamus do?

relay sensory information

what interprets sound?

auditory cortex

hearing chain in order?

sound → cochlea → neurons → thalamus → auditory cortex

what is psychophysics?

relationship between physical stimuli and perception

what is weber-fechner’s law?

perceived change depends on proportional stimulus increase

what is JND?

smallest detectable difference between stimuli

what is an absolute threshold?

minimum stimulus needed to detect sensation

what is a difference threshold?

smallest noticeable change between stimuli

what is the cerebrum?

largest brain region for higher thinking

what is the cerebral cortex?

outer gray matter for perception and cognition

what does the brain stem control?

breathing and heart rate

where is the cerebellum

back of the brain under cerebrum

what does the cerebellum do?

balance, coordination, motor control

frontal lobe function?

decision making, voluntary movement

parietal lobe function?

sensation, spatial awareness

temporal lobe function?

hearing, memory

occipital lobe function?

vision

what is contralateral organization?

each brain side controls opposite body side

what is brain localization?

specific bain areas control specific functions

gray matter ?

neuron cell bodies

white matter?

axons and neural connections

synethesia

blended senses (sounds and colors)

why can’t dogs dance? (peterson)

weak auditory-motor brain connections

soma?

neuron cell body

dendrites?

receive signals

axon?

sends action potential

presynaptic neuron?

sends signal

postsynaptic neuron?

receives signal

resting potential voltage?

-70 mV

what maintains resting potential?

sodium-potassium pumpw

what is an action potential?

neuron firing

threshold voltage?

-45 mV

peak action potential voltage?

+30 mV

what follows an action potential?

refractory period (hyperpolarization)

what does EEG measure?

electrical brain waves?

how does EEG work?

scalp electrodes detect neural activity

what does fMRI measure?

blood flow changes

how does fMRI track activity?

monitors hemoglobin movement