APUSH Chapter 32 "The Great Depression & The New Deal"

eleanor roosevelt 🏳‍🌈

Polio

What FDR was diagnosed with as an adult Caused him to be paralyzed from the waist down.

Eleanor Roosevelt

One of FDR’s greatest personal and political assets.

• traveled w/ him or on his behalf, and became the “COnscience” of the New Deal

• Most active first lady in history

Election of 1932

Hoover (Rep) vs FDR (Dem)

• FDR won in a landslide bc everyone was hating on Hoover

New group that prominently voted Democrat

African Amerians

“Roosevelt is robust”

“Happy Days Are Here Again” (Song)

Hoovers: “The Worst is Past”, “It Might Have Been Worse”, “Prosperity is Just Around the Corner”

Sayings during the campiagn

“It’s not my baby”

What FDR said to Hoover when he tried to meet with him tow ork on new legislation. Doesn’t take responsibility for the GD at all.

Relief, Recovery, and Reform

FDR’s 3 Rs

100 Days

FDR’s start of his term

“Forgotten man”

Who FDR said he fought for

Brain Trust

small group of young reform minded individuals whose ideas largely shaped the New Deal.

Fireside Chats

FDR talked over the radio to the citizens of the US and he would explain political situations in a way that they could understand.

First Fireside Chat

FDR explained how the holiday of the banks would work, and how it is safer to keep your money n the bank than stash it in your home.

Banking Crisis

6000 banks had already failed and desperate Americans rushed to w/draw their money, creating a “run” on banks

Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act

provided for the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which insured individual deposits up to $5000

The Emergency Banking Act

Extended gov't assistance to sound banks and reorganized weak ones

“Prime the Pump”

FDR used federal money to help the jobless and help start industrial recovery.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

Proved to be the most popular agency from the New Deal. Provided employment for young men, useful work like reforestation, fire-fighting, flood control, & swamp drainage

Federal Emergency Relief Act

Goal: Immediate relief

Created the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)

Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)

Lead by Harry Hopkins. Granted about $3 billion to the states for direct dole payments, or preferably for wages on work projects

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

Made available many millions of dollars to help farmers meet their mortgages

Home Owner’s Loan Corporation (HOLC)

designed to refinance mortgages on non-farm homes and assisted ab a million households (also made them ❤ Dems)

Civil Works Administration (CWA)

(A branch of FERA) provided temporary jobs during the winter depression, “make-work” jobs like leaf-blowing

Conservatives

Complined the New Deal weakened the autonomy of American business

Liberty League

COnservatives, business elites & prominent politicalfigures who organized to fight “socialistic” New Deal schemes

The left

Communist & Socialists claimed the poor were receiving a “Raw Deal”

William Lenke

radical leader who called attention to rurual disasters and objected to the limited response to farmers

Francis Townsend

spoke out for the elderly. “Townsend Plan” gov’t pension $200/month for 60 & over; provided that person retired and spent entire pension

Charles Coughlin

“Radio Priest/Micropohone Messiah” - “Social Justice” Condemned the ND for helping banks instead of the poor

Huey Long

“Share the Wealth” his plan to end poverty and unemployment called to tax the rich to help the poor. Scared he was gonna become fascist dicatior until he got assasinated

Fascists

Demagogues instilled fear of this group into US citizens

Francis Perkins

Sec. Of Labor - First woman cabinet member

Mary MacLeod Bethune

Director of the Office of minority Affairs in the NYA

Pearl S. Buck

Won a Nobel Prize for literature (Chnese peasant society)

Ruth Benedict

Author ab cultures

Margaret Mead

sexulaity, gender roles, and intergenerational relationships. author

Noational Recovery Administration (NRA)

U.S. government agency established by Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt to stimulate business recovery through fair-practice codes during the Great Depression. =employment less hours for ppl, but spread out. Also min wages limits. Forbade “yellow-dog contracts”. “codes of fair competition”

Schecter Decison

Shot down NRA, declared it unconstitutional. Problem w/ “codes of fair competition”

Public Works Administration (PWA)

industrial recovery and unemployment relief. Public projects (highways and whatnto)

Grand Coulee Dam

Built by PWA on the Columbia river, not rly helpful during GD, but yes in WWII and post war

Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)

through “Artificial scarcity” set “parity prices” for basic commodities (prices pre GD). Ended up not being effective

2nd Agricultural Adjustment Act

Same as first AAA but better so actually effective

Dust Bowl

the drought-affected south central United States in the aftermath of horrific dust storms.

Cases of the Dust Bowl

1. Drought

2. Wind

3. Marginal land being cultivated

4. Dry Farming techniques

San Joaquin Valley

Where many Dust Bowl farmers moved bc climate was similar.

Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck

Ralisticaly portyaed Dust Bowl ppl experiences . Uncle Tom cabin of dust bowl

Friazier Lemke Famr Bannkrupcy Act

Suspeded mortgages on foreclosures

Resettlement Administration

focused on land reform and helped farmers by moving them to better land

Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act

Paid farmers to plant soil-conserving crops or let their land lie fallow

Rural Electrification Administration (REA)

expanded access to electricity

2nd Agricultural Adjustment Act

same as first one, just changed how it was funded

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

(George Norriss) determined to discover how much the production & distribution of electricity cost, to set fairness of rates. Brought employment and cheap power. Also better River stuff (environment, like drainage and less erosion). Caused the previously very poor Tennessee Valley to flourish.

Florence Owens Thopmson

Mother of 7. Waiting in make shift shelter on the side of the road. Lange (photographer) took the photo and promised it would never be published. Embarrassed that she was the face of the Depression.

Federal Securities Act

required promotes to tell investors about soundness otheir stocks and bonds.

Federal Housing Act (FHA)

Building industry was stimulated by loans to homeowners, for new homes or improvements. v popular, outlasted FDR

United States Housing Authority (USHA)

Leant money to states or communities for low-cost construction. Results in slum areas to cease growing/diminish. Met w/ resistance from businessmen.

Social Security Act

Provided insurance for the unemployed, elderly, dependent mothers & children, and the blind. Gov’t now recognized its job to protect the welfare of its citizens. (need to be/have been employed)

Banking Act of 1935

increased the authority of the Federal Reserve Board over the nation’s currency & credit system & decreased power of private bankers.

revenue Act of 1935

Provided for a graduated income tax & increased estate and corporate tax.

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

watch-dog administrative agency over stock market, for the people.

National Labor relations Act of 1935 - The Wagner Act

• “Magna Carta” of American Labor - A major milestone

• Created the National Labor Relations Board & guaranteed workers the right to organize unions & bargain collectively

Committee for the Industrial Organization (CIO)

John L. Lewis: (Unskilled workers) w/in the AFL. Felt that the AFL was ignoring them & refused to listen to their ideas.

Fair Labor Standards Act (Wages and Hours Bill)

Industries involved in interstate commerce followed minimum wage and maximum hours level.

Congress of Industrial Organization

led by John L. Lewis, broke away from the AFL. (new CIO)

Election of 1936

Dem: FDR

Rep: Alf Landoon

FDR won in a LANDSLIDE. B/c he fought for the “forgotten man”

“Court Packing Plan”

FDR felt the SC was too conservative and old, also angry he didn't appoint any of them.

Proposed to restructure from 9 to 15 justices & add a new justice for every one over 70.

Backlash from EVERYONE, SC was sacred

(Minority Help) Women

recieved fewer jobs than men, but did get an increased minimum wage. Gained greater political influence b/c of Eleanor Roosevelt.

(Minority Help) African Americans

no specific ND program, but they benefitted by the ones that fit them. FDR didn't push for Civil Rights b/c needed Southern Dems to get New Deal programs passed. FDr prohibited discrimination in many of his programs and appointed AA.

(Minority Help) Native Americans

benefitted from the New Deal, esp. CCC, PWA, and WPA. John Collier: Comissioner of Indian Affairs sought to reverse the forced assimilation policies.

Indian Reorganization Act of 1934

“The Indian New Deal”: Encouraged tribes to establish local self-government & to preserve their native crafts and traditions, and helped to stop the loss of Indian lands.

(Minority Help) Hispanics

Recieved the least assitance and faced the most discrimination