10.1 species and taxonomy

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23 Terms

1
What is a species ?
A group of animals(similar organisms) that are capable of producing living fertile offspring
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2
What is the binomial system used for nomenclature of organisms?
  • A Latin name with two parts is given.

  • The first part is the genus name, with a capital letter.

  • The second part is the species name with a lowercase letter.

  • Names are in italics, or underlined when hand written

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3
What is courtship behavior?
  • Carried out by organisms with the aim of attracting a mate of the correct species

  • This may involve: Secreting chemicals A dance Colour changing

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4
Why is courtship behavior important ?

  • Synchronize mating;where there is maxim probability of the sperm and egg meeting.

  • Stimulates the release of gametes

  • Recognition of a mate; attract opposite sex that is capable of breeding

  • Indicates sexual maturity/fertility

  • Can form a pair bond so the pair can reproduce several times

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5
Why do different species look different ?
  1. live in a similar environment

  2. have a similar selection pressures

  3. similar alleles will have the selective advantage

  4. produces similar proteins and therefore similar characteristics

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6
What are the two main forms of biological classification?
Artificial Classification
Natural (Phylogenetic) Classification
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7
What is artificial classification?
  • division of organisms \n based on obvious differences (colour, size etc.)

  • These are described as analogous characteristics where they have the same function but do not have the same evolutionary orgins.

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8
What is phylogenetic classification ?
  • division of organisms based on evolutionary relationships.

  • based on shared characteristics that have been taken from ancestors \n

  • hierarchy of groups formed

  • relationships in a phylogentic classification are based on homologous characteristics (similar evolutionary origin)

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9
What is a hierarchy?
  • smaller groups arranged with larger groups

  • No overlap between groups

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10
What is taxonomy?
The science of classification where organisms are named, and placed into named groups
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11
What are taxa?
Groups used to classify organisms
There are 8 taxa in total
A group is called a taxon
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12
What are the three largest taxa?
Eukarya
Bacteria
Archaea

(called the 3 domains of classfication)
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13
Classification system order
  • Domain

  • Kingdom

  • Phylum

  • Class

  • Order

  • Class

  • Family

  • Genus

  • Species

  • Do keep pond clean or froggy gets sick

  • Each group is called a taxa

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14
Describe the domain of Bacteria (5)
  • 70S ribosomes

  • Unicellular

  • Murein Cell Walls

  • No membrane-bound organelles

  • Single loop of DNA, but no histones

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15
Describe the domain of Archaea (5)
  • genes / proteins similar to - eukaryotes

  • no murein in cell walls

  • more complex RNA polymerase

  • 70S ribosomes

  • CSM - fatty acids attached to glycerol by ether linkages

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16
\- Describe the domain of Eukarya (5)
  • mainly multicellular cells

  • contain membrane-bound organelles

  • membranes contain fatty acids linked to glycerol via ester bonds

  • 80S ribosomes

  • cell walls chitin / cellulose

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17
What is the eukarya domain divided into ?

5 kingdoms

  • Protoctista

  • Fungi

  • Plantae

  • Animalia

  • prokaryota

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18
What is phylogeny
  • phylogenetic classification arranges species into groups according to their evolutionary origins and relationships

  • Phylogeny gives insight into relations of organisms(whos related to who)

  • All organisms have evolved from shared common ancestor.this is shown on a phylogenetic tree

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19
What is a phylogenetic tree?
diagram that shows how organisms are related, and has evolved from common ancestors
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20
Why do we need a system to organise species ?
  • understand relationships between organisms and keep track of changes

  • The system used need to be universal

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21
How do we classify

Orginally based on visible simailarties

More modern and accurate classification methods are

  • dna sequence base)

  • mRNA sequence base

  • Amino acid sequence

  • Immunological (comparing in self antibody shape)

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22
Community
Population
Ecosystem
Community - all living organisms within a given area

Population - made up of members of single species, within a given area

Ecosystem - all living organisms and the non living components
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23
what is classification?
Classification using taxonomy
creates a hierarchical system of
organisms based on shared
characteristics.
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