additional biology revison p1

How does the skin protect against pathogens

skin acts as a barrier, oil repels pathogens, scabs form over cuts, platelets clot the blood

How does the stomach prevent pathogens from entering

contains HCL which kills bacteria, mucus catches pathogens

How does the eyes protect the body against pathogens

Produce tears which contain enzymes to kill bacteria, tears are antiseptic

How does the breathing system prevent pathogens from entering the body

trachea and nose produce mucus which traps bacteria and gets taken away by cilia

How does the internal body protect itself

recall processes such as phagocyosis and antitoxins

What do all the variables mean

dependant-what you measure

independent-what you change

control-

what you keep the same

what is the process by which water moves up a plant from roots to the atmosphere

water is transported up the xylem then it evaporates out the leaves through the stomata

What is the food test and result for proteins

Biuret solution, result = blue→lilac

What is the food test and result for starch

iodine, result = orange→blue-black

What is the food test and result for sugars

Benedict’s solution, result = blue→brick red

What is the food test and result for lipids

Ethanol, result = a milky white emulsion

where is blood most concentrated when someone has diabetes

outside the cells

How is the small intestine adapted for efficient absorption

large SA to volume ratio, one cell thick for short diffusion pathway, good blood supply, many mitochondria for respiration

Define the term double circulatory

Blood enters the heart twice

why is it better to have 2 ventricles

so oxygenated and deoxygenated blood don’t mix

What 2 organs produce carbohydrase

Pancreas, salivary glands

What are the benefits of a placebo

cheaper, prevent bias, prevent patients thinking they feel better with the drug

What is the monoclonal antibody process

injected with specific antigen to stimulate an immune response, B lymphocytes that make the antibody or extracted, lymphocytes are fused with myeloma cells to produce hybridoma, hybridoma then clones producing large numbers of them

KEY NOTES

always refer to particle processes when it takes about concentration

any conditions talk about paralysis or diabetes

when looking for suitability always mention cheaper or more ethical

when asked about weight refer to enzymes