chapter 13 and 14 homework questions
There are two types of defenses that make up our immunity. The two types are b lymphocytes and t lymphocytes lymphocytes ,
nonspecific or non-specific
specific
Which of the following act as mechanical barriers to pathogen entry in the body?
Mucous membrane
Skin
The upper respiratory tract is lined with a ciliated mucous membrane. How does this prevent pathogens we inhale from entering our body? (Select all that apply)
Ciliated cells sweep mucous into the throat
Sticky mucous traps pathogens
Lymphatic vessels and lymphatic organs make up the organ system called the _____ system
lymphatic
The effects of histamine on capillaries include ______. (Select all that apply)
dilation of capillaries
increased permeability of capillaries
A specific or nonspecific response that can prevent infection is called ______.
immunity
Two mechanical barriers that prevent pathogen entry are Blank______ and Blank______.
skin
mucous membranes
Mast cell
Cell to which antibodies, formed in response to allergens, attach, bursting the cell and releasing allergy mediators, which cause symptoms
Pus
Thick, yellowish fluid composed of dead phagocytes, dead tissue, and bacteria
Lymphocytes can recognize native or "self" cells from foreign cells by looking at protein molecules on the cell membrane called
antigens, glycoprotein, or antigen
Name the body's three lines of defense against pathogens. (Select all that apply)
adaptive (specific) defenses
mechanical barriers such as skin and mucous membranes
inflammatory reaction, NK cells, and nonspecific phagocytic white blood cells
Lymphocytes that differentiate and mature in the thymus are called ____cells, or lymphocytes; lymphocytes that differentiate in red bone marrow are called___
t and b
When activated by an antigen, B lymphocytes start to divide and produce _____ cells, which produce _____.
plasma; antibodies
Which are examples of antigens? (Select all that apply)
Parasites
Cell membrane proteins
Fragment of a virus
T cells are responsible for _______ immunity, whereas B cells are responsible for _______ immunity.
cell-mediated; antibody-mediated
B lymphocyte
Type of lymphocyte that is responsible for antibody-mediated immunity
T lymphocyte
One of two types of lymphocytes: a killer T cell that interacts directly with antigen-bearing cells and is responsible for cell-mediated immunity, or a helper T cell that stimulates other immune cells
proteins present in blood, lymph and body fluids, that bind to antigens, are called
antibodies
Plasma cells
A plasma cell is a terminally differentiated B cell which functions to produce and secrete antibodies.
Antibodies are ______. (Select all that apply)
proteins that bind to antigens
produced by plasma B cells
Antibody
Protein produced in response to the presence of some foreign substance in the blood or tissues
Which are examples of antigens? (Select all that apply)
Fragment of a virus
Cell membrane proteins
Parasites
All B cells in a particular clone will produce _______ when activated.
identical antibodies that can bind to the same antigen
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death and destruction
Vital capacity
Maximum amount of air a person can exhale after taking the deepest breath possible
Pharynx
Common passageway for both food intake and air movement; the throat
Eupnea
Easy or normal respiration
Atelectasis is another name for
collapse of a lung.
Which portion of the respiratory tract is also a passageway for food?
Pharynx
Which serous membrane connects directly to the thoracic wall?
Parietal pleura
Why is the trachea supported by C-shaped cartilage rings instead of O-shaped (complete rings)?
to allow the esophagus to expand when swallowing
Once a B cell has been activated by a specific antigen (an antigen binds to an antigen receptor on the B cell membrane), it will divide, making many copies of itself. This process is known as
clonal selection.
Lymph vessels are similar to cardiovascular
veins.
Which lymphatic structure enters the subclavian vein?
Lymphatic duct
Which of the following is NOT an opportunistic disease that commonly causes death for an AIDS patient?
Glomerulonephritis
As a child, you had the chicken pox. You are exposed to chicken pox several years later, but you do not get them again. What kind of immunity do you have?
Natural active
An instrument that is used to measure lung volumes is a
spirometer.
Air that is in the airways, but not in the alveoli for gas exchange, is called the
dead-space air.
the lungs are part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway that helps regulate
blood pressure.
For each lobe of a lung there is one
secondary bronchus.
A lack of impulses from the primary respiratory center to the respiratory muscles will initiate
relaxation for expiration.
__________ is detected by a skin test.
Tuberculosis