chapter 13 and 14 homework questions

chapter 13 and 14 homework questions

There are two types of defenses that make up our immunity. The two types are b lymphocytes and t lymphocytes lymphocytes ,

• nonspecific or non-specific

• specific

Which of the following act as mechanical barriers to pathogen entry in the body?

• Mucous membrane

• Skin

The upper respiratory tract is lined with a ciliated mucous membrane. How does this prevent pathogens we inhale from entering our body? (Select all that apply)

• Ciliated cells sweep mucous into the throat

• Sticky mucous traps pathogens

Lymphatic vessels and lymphatic organs make up the organ system called the _____ system

lymphatic

The effects of histamine on capillaries include ______. (Select all that apply)

• dilation of capillaries

• increased permeability of capillaries

A specific or nonspecific response that can prevent infection is called ______.

immunity

Two mechanical barriers that prevent pathogen entry are Blank______ and Blank______.

• skin

• mucous membranes

Mast cell

Cell to which antibodies, formed in response to allergens, attach, bursting the cell and releasing allergy mediators, which cause symptoms

Pus

Thick, yellowish fluid composed of dead phagocytes, dead tissue, and bacteria

Lymphocytes can recognize native or "self" cells from foreign cells by looking at protein molecules on the cell membrane called

antigens, glycoprotein, or antigen

Name the body's three lines of defense against pathogens. (Select all that apply)

• adaptive (specific) defenses

• mechanical barriers such as skin and mucous membranes

• inflammatory reaction, NK cells, and nonspecific phagocytic white blood cells

Lymphocytes that differentiate and mature in the thymus are called ____cells, or lymphocytes; lymphocytes that differentiate in red bone marrow are called___

t and b

When activated by an antigen, B lymphocytes start to divide and produce _____ cells, which produce _____.

plasma; antibodies

Which are examples of antigens? (Select all that apply)

• Parasites

• Cell membrane proteins

• Fragment of a virus

T cells are responsible for _______ immunity, whereas B cells are responsible for _______ immunity.

cell-mediated; antibody-mediated

B lymphocyte

Type of lymphocyte that is responsible for antibody-mediated immunity

T lymphocyte

One of two types of lymphocytes: a killer T cell that interacts directly with antigen-bearing cells and is responsible for cell-mediated immunity, or a helper T cell that stimulates other immune cells

proteins present in blood, lymph and body fluids, that bind to antigens, are called

antibodies

Plasma cells

A plasma cell is a terminally differentiated B cell which functions to produce and secrete antibodies.

Antibodies are ______. (Select all that apply)

• proteins that bind to antigens

• produced by plasma B cells

Antibody

Protein produced in response to the presence of some foreign substance in the blood or tissues

Which are examples of antigens? (Select all that apply)

• Fragment of a virus

• Cell membrane proteins

• Parasites

All B cells in a particular clone will produce _______ when activated.

identical antibodies that can bind to the same antigen

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death and destruction

Vital capacity

Maximum amount of air a person can exhale after taking the deepest breath possible

Pharynx

Common passageway for both food intake and air movement; the throat

Eupnea

Easy or normal respiration

Atelectasis is another name for

collapse of a lung.

Which portion of the respiratory tract is also a passageway for food?

Pharynx

Which serous membrane connects directly to the thoracic wall?

Parietal pleura

Why is the trachea supported by C-shaped cartilage rings instead of O-shaped (complete rings)?

to allow the esophagus to expand when swallowing

Once a B cell has been activated by a specific antigen (an antigen binds to an antigen receptor on the B cell membrane), it will divide, making many copies of itself. This process is known as

clonal selection.

Lymph vessels are similar to cardiovascular

veins.

Which lymphatic structure enters the subclavian vein?

Lymphatic duct

Which of the following is NOT an opportunistic disease that commonly causes death for an AIDS patient?

Glomerulonephritis

As a child, you had the chicken pox. You are exposed to chicken pox several years later, but you do not get them again. What kind of immunity do you have?

Natural active

An instrument that is used to measure lung volumes is a

spirometer.

Air that is in the airways, but not in the alveoli for gas exchange, is called the

dead-space air.

the lungs are part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway that helps regulate

blood pressure.

For each lobe of a lung there is one

secondary bronchus.

A lack of impulses from the primary respiratory center to the respiratory muscles will initiate

relaxation for expiration.

__________ is detected by a skin test.

Tuberculosis