exam 1

Which of the following is not a major characteristic of fish?

 

gills

 

vertebrates

 

opposable thumbs

 

aquatic

 

fins

 

opposable thumbs

Which of the following is a common compensation mechanism for fish following a substantial and sustained drop in acclimatization temperature?

 

elevated unsaturated fatty acid levels to diminish membrane fluidity

 

decreased unsaturated fatty acid levels to diminish membrane fluidity

 

elevated unsaturated fatty acid levels to maintain membrane fluidity

 

decreased unsaturated fatty acid levels to maintain membrane fluidity

elevated unsaturated fatty acid levels to maintain membrane fluidity

What is likely to occur for tropical cardinal fishes exposed to increased temperatures associated with climate change?

decreased aerobic scope

 

increased aerobic scope

 

lower resting metabolic rates

decreased aerobic scope

Which of the following groups are most closely related to one another?

 

Gobiiformes and Myctophiformes

 

Gobiiformes and Myxiniformes

 

Myctophiformes and Squalimorphi

 

Gobiiformes and Polypteridae

Gobiiformes and Myctophiformes

Which following groups are most closely related to one another?

 

Gobiiformes and Polypteridae

 

Gobiiformes and Myxiniformes

 

Holocephali and Squalimorphi

 

Myctophiformes and Squalimorphi

Holocephali and Squalimorphi (chimeras/sharks rays)

Which of the following is not a type of fin used frequently by fish to swim?

 

Doral fins

 

Pectoral fins

 

Caudal fins

 

Anal fins

 

Eye fins

eye fins

In Body Caudal Fin (BCF) swimming fish species, where is the amplitude of the body wave during swimming expected to be the largest? 

 

Middle of body

 

Head

 

Caudal area

Caudal area

or the following Body Caudal Fin (BCF) swimming fish species, which type of swimmer is likely to have the largest body wave amplitude?

 

Thunniform swimmers

 

Anguilliform swimmers

 

Subcarangiform swimmers

 

Carangiform swimmers

Anguilliform swimmers

As the velocity of muscle shortening increases, what happens to the Power generated by the muscle?

 

decreases to a trough, then increases at higher velocities

 

no change

 

increases to a peak, then falls at higher velocities

 

always doubles

increases to a peak, then falls at higher velocities

Which of the following Median and Paired Fin (MPF) swimming fish species swim primarily by oscillating their very long pectoral fins?

 

Labriform swimmers

 

Mobuliform swimmers

 

Rajiform swimmers

Mobuliform swimmers

Which of the following is an accurate description of a convective step in the Oxygen Cascade for most teleost fish?

 

Gill ventilation

 

Mitochondria use Oxygen to make ATP

 

Oxygen moving down its partial pressure gradient from from blood into cells

 

Oxygen moving down its partial pressure gradient from water into gill’s blood

Gill ventilation

Which of the following is an accurate description of a diffusive step in the Oxygen Cascade for most teleost fish?

 

Heart pumping

 

Gill ventilation

 

Oxygen moving down its partial pressure gradient from water into gill’s blood

Oxygen moving down its partial pressure gradient from water into gill’s blood

Which of the following is the main site of gas exchange in most teleost fish?

 

Gill arch

 

Secondary lamellae

 

Primary lamellae

 

Dorsal aorta

Secondary lamellae

How many gill arches do most teleosts have?

 

between 15 and 20

 

always just one

 

between 4 and 7

 

they only come in pairs, each fish has 2 only

between 4 and 7

If ventilatory stroke volume increases, what happens to the volume of water a fish can pump across its gills?

 

decrease

 

increase

 

no change

increase 

If the surface area of secondary lamellae increases, what happens to the oxygen uptake rate of a fish?

 

decrease

 

no change

 

increase

increase

If the diffusion distance across the secondary lamellae increases, what happens to the oxygen uptake rate of a fish?

 

decrease

 

increase

 

no change

decrease

An increase in gill surface area causes which of the following to be true for freshwater teleosts?

 

increases ion loss and decreases water influx

 

decreases ion loss and increases water influx

 

increases ion loss and increases water influx

increases ion loss and increases water influx

For Crucian carp, exposure to hypoxia has been shown to cause which of the following?

 

increased gill surface area and increased inter lamellar cell masses

 

increased gill surface area and decreased inter lamellar cell masses

 

decreased gill surface area and increased inter lamellar cell masses

increased gill surface area and decreased inter lamellar cell masses

During a metabolic acidosis caused by high levels of exercise, which of the following is an accurate description of what happens to oxygen delivery to tissues in fish?

 

blood pH decreases, shifting the oxygen equilibrium curve to the right, and aiding oxygen unloading from hemoglobin

 

blood pH stays the same, shifting the oxygen equilibrium curve to the left, and inhibiting oxygen unloading from hemoglobin

 

blood pH increases, shifting the oxygen equilibrium curve to the left, and aiding oxygen unloading from hemoglobin

 

blood pH decreases, shifting the oxygen equilibrium curve to the left, and inhibiting oxygen unloading from hemoglobin

blood pH decreases, shifting the oxygen equilibrium curve to the right, and aiding oxygen unloading from hemoglobin

Which of the following areas would have the highest blood oxygenation levels?

 

atrium

 

dorsal aorta

 

ventricle

 

bulbous arteriosus

dorsal aorta

Which of the following is a realistic hematocrit for teleosts?

 

3%

 

60%

 

30%

 

90%

30%

Which of the following areas of the central cardiovascular system of fish are “directly separated by” the atrioventricular valves (“directly adjacent to”)?

 

atrium and ventricle

 

sinus venosus and ventricle

 

atrium and sinus venosus

 

sinus venosus and conal valve

atrium and ventricle

Where is the compact layer of myocardium found in fishes?

 

surrounding the sinus venosus

 

surrounding the spongy layer of the ventricle

 

within the sinus venosus

 

within the spongy layer of the atrium

surrounding the spongey layer of the ventricle

In excitation-contraction coupling of myocardial cells, what ion dominates inward ion flow into cells causing depolarization of the sarcolemma’?

 

Na+

 

Cl-

 

Ca2+

 

K+

 

Na+

In excitation-contraction coupling of myocardial cells, what inward flow of ions maintains contraction and can be increased through adrenergic stimulation with adrenaline (epinephrine)?

 

Cl-

 

K+

 

Ca2+

 

Na+

Ca2+

If a fish species has coronary arteries, where do they originate from?

 

efferent branchial artery

 

afferent branchial artery

 

ventral aorta

 

dorsal aorta

efferent branchial artery

How does a vascular rate conserve metabolic heat?

 

metabolic heat is produced in higher levels in the liver, with antiparallel flow of blood through liver

 

metabolic heat is conserved in the tissues where it is produced, with antiparallel flow of blood through exercising muscles

 

oxygen is pumped into blood at high levels by special oxygen producing cells, thus conserving heat

metabolic heat is conserved in the tissues where it is produced, with antiparallel flow of blood through exercising muscles

How does cardiac output change during intense swimming?

 

heart rate decreases due to reduced vagal tones and increased adrenergic stimulation

 

heart rate increases due to reduced vagal tones and decreased adrenergic stimulation

 

heart rate decreases due to reduced vagal tones and decreased adrenergic stimulation

 

heart rate increases due to reduced vagal tones and increased adrenergic stimulation

heart rate increases due to reduced vagal tones and increased adrenergic stimulation

Which of the following is directly correlated to increased aerobic capacity of a fish?

 

heart size

 

gill secondary lamellae thickness

 

sinus venosus color

heart size

Which of the following groups of fish has internal body fluid composition that is hyposmotic to its surrounding environment?

 

elasmobranch

 

hagfish

 

saltwater teleost

 

freshwater teleost

saltwater telost (boney fish)

Which of the following scenarios correctly describes typical electrochemistry of an individual vertebrate animal cell?

 

high intracellular K+, high extracellular Na+, high intracellular protein levels, high extracellular Cl-, leaky outward K+ current dominates resting membrane potential

 

high intracellular K+, high extracellular Na+, high intracellular protein levels, high intracellular Cl-, leaky outward Na+ current dominates resting membrane potential

 

high intracellular K+, high extracellular Na+, high intracellular protein levels, high intracellular Cl-, leaky outward Cl- current dominates resting membrane potential

 

high extracellular K+, high extracellular Na+, high extracellular protein levels, high extracellular Cl-, leaky inward K+ current dominates resting membrane potential

high intracellular K+, high extracellular Na+, high intracellular protein levels, high extracellular Cl-, leaky outward K+ current dominates resting membrane potential

For saltwater (marine) teleosts, which of the following is not a regulated response to maintain ionic and/or osmotic homeostasis? (Which of the following is not correct or not true)

 

actively drinking large amounts of saltwater

 

excretion of divalent ions in urine and feces

 

active branchial uptake of NaCl into the body

active branchial uptake of NaCl into the body

Which of the following apical branchial transport proteins utilized for Na uptake has been found in nearly all freshwater fish ionocytes and in marine elasmobranch gills?

 

HCO3- and Chloride exchanger

 

Na+/Ca2+ exchanger

 

Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE)

 

Na+/K+ exchanger

Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE)

Which of the following is a primary function of the saltwater teleost kidney?

 

excess divalent ion absorption

 

water reabsorption using aquaporins

 

water secretion using Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE)

 

respiration

water reabsorption using aquaporins

Which of the following is an example of mechanical breakdown of food in fish?

 

pharyngeal teeth grinding food

 

pepsin, the primary proteolytic enzyme of digestion

 

digestive enzymes produced in enterocytes

pharyngeal teeth grinding food

Which of the following is an example of the primary functions of the stomach in Loricariid fishes (armored South American catfish)?

 

digestion and circulation (blood pumping)

 

digestion and respiration

 

bile production

 

digestion and salt production

 

digestion and respiration

Which of the following types of fish has a spiral valve?

 

zebrafish

 

clownfish

 

shark

 

tuna

shark

Which of the following best describes the functions of the buccal cavity in fish?

 

Produce hormones for regulating carbohydrate, amino acid, and lipid uptake

 

Enterocyte proliferation, enzyme production, nutrient transport and storage

 

Chemical and enzyme production and secretion

 

Filtration, mechanical digestion, mucus production, respiration

Filtration, mechanical digestion, mucus production, respiration

Which of the following best describes the functions of the liver in fish?

 

Chemical and enzyme production and secretion

 

Produce hormones for regulating carbohydrate, amino acid, and lipid uptake

 

Enterocyte proliferation, enzyme production, nutrient transport and storage

 

Filtration, mechanical digestion, mucus production, respiration

Chemical and enzyme production and secretion