psych final yay

Consciousness

Awareness of external events and internal sensations while under a condition of arousal (aware that you are awake)

Awareness

Subjective state of reflecting about yourself

Metacognition

Thinking about thinking (ex. studying: knowing you know the material)

Arousal

Psychological state of being engaged with the environment

Higher-level Consciousness

Controlled processing

Lower-level Consciousness

Automatic-processing and day-dreaming

Altered State of Consciousness

Produced by drugs

Subconscious Awareness

Usually occurs when people are asleep and dreaming

No Awareness

Usually occurs when we are knocked out or anesthetized

Circadian Rhythms

Behaviors that synchronized with the 24 hour cycle of the day
Ex: sleep/wake cycle
Body temperature
Blood pressure
Blood sugar level

Biological Clock

Brain system that detects the passage of time

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

part of the hypothalamus that uses input from eyes to synchronize its rhythm with the daily cycle of day to night
"zeitgeber" - time giver

Effects of Sleep Deprivation

Cranky

"Zeitgeber"

time giver

Why do we sleep?

We don't know
Theories:
Maybe it's adaptive (we don't function well at night)
Maybe it's restorative (repairing/recovering at night)

EEG

a way to study sleep: record electrical activity in skulls (looks like a hat)

EOG

a way to study sleep: record activity of muscles around eyes from R.E.M.

EMG

a way to study sleep: record activity in big muscles in arms/legs

Stages of Wakefulness

-Higher level consciousness produce BETA WAVES (small but rapid)
-Lower level consciousness produce ALPHA WAVES (slower)

Stages of Sleep

-Stage 1 - Drowsy sleep

Rapid Eye Movement (R.E.M.)

Brain pattern similar to those with relazed wakefulness

Cyclic quality of sleep through the night

more deep sleep at the beginning of the night
R.E.M. sleep increases in frequency and duration throughout the night
R.E.M. rebound occurs

Insomnia

Inability to fall asleep

Sleep Apnea

Individuals stop breathing while asleep

Sleep Walking/Talking

"Somnambulism" occurs during slow-sleep waves

Night Terrors

Sudden arousal from sleep accompanied by intense fear and blood-curdling screaming. Typically occur in children

Narcolepsy

A R.E.M. sleep disorder involving a sudden

Cataplexy

Paralysis that accompanies R.E.M. sleep is suddenly activated while a person is still awake

Sleep Paralysis

The normal paralysis of R.E.M. sleep continues after a person wakes up

R.E.M. Behavior Disorder

Mechanism controlling paralysis during R.E.M. sleep fails to work properly

Development

pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occur throughout the lifespan

What do developmental psychologist study?

-Universal characteristics (baby can't walk

Nature vs. Nurture

How much do inherited characteristics (nature) influence our development? vs. how much do environmental factors (nurture) influence our development?

Change vs. Stability

Do our personal characteristics change as we age? vs. do our personal characteristics remain stable throughout the lifespan?

Stages vs. Continuity

Do we see behavior change in discrete

Cross-Sectional Design

Developmental Research Design
Several different age groups are studied at one time point .
Advantages: cheaper

Longitudinal Design

Developmental Research Design
One group of participants are studied over a long period of time
Advantages: more accurate

Three Areas of Study in Development

-Physical Development (the body)
-Cognitive Development (thinking and remembering)
-Socioemotional Development (emotions)

Prenatal Development

development of infant beginning with conception and ending with birth

Germinal Period

-First stage of prenatal development
-first two weeks after conception (zygote)
-massive cell division
-ends with implantation into uterine wall

Embryonic Period

-second stage of prenatal development
-weeks 3-8 after conception
-massive cell differation (cell actually becomes something)
-nutrients through placenta

Fetal Period

-third/final stage of prenatal development
-2-9 months after conception
-massive physical growth
-ends at 40 weeks with birth

Teratogens

Any agent that can cause a birth defect

Critical Periods

time when developing organs are most susceptible to birth defects

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)

a cluster of problems that appear in the children of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy
physical - facial features

Physical Development in Children

helpless @ birth
they survive for 2 reasons:
-we take care of them
-they come equipped with survival skills called reflexes

Reflexes

Genetically wired

Motor Development

the gradual development of muscle control

6 Motor Milestones

1. raising the head
2. rolling over
3. propped up
4. sitting up
5. crawling
6. walking

Preceptual Development

the gradual development of the senses and the interpretation of sensory information (taste and scent are the strongest at birth)

Why can't babies see well at birth?

-fixed lens (lens can't squeeze and contract) only can see about 7-10in. away
-poorly developed photo receptors call cones (cones used for color and detail)

How do babies interpret what they see?

babies learn to interpret what they see as they gain experiences and their brains start to form new connections
ex: effects of enriched environment

Are we born with the ability to perceive depth?

yesm but it takes experience to fear "falling"

Size Constancy

The ability to perceive an object as being the same size regardless of its size on the retina (learned with experience)

Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development

Schemas - skills and behaviors that allow children to interact with object and others
Assimilation - incorporating new info on existing schemas
Accommodation - changing a schema to new info

Sensorimotor Stage

1st stage of piga'ts 4 stages of cognitive devel.
Infants construct an understanding of the world through sensory experience and motor actions
from birth to age 2
hallmarks: development of object permanence and gain pleasure from sensory and motor interaction

Preoperational Stage

2nd stage of pigat's 4 stages of cognitive devel.
Child develops ability for symbolic though and pretend play but not complex

Concrete Operational Stage

3rd stage of pigat's 4 stages of cognitive devel.
Child uses operations and replaces heuristic strategies (best guesses) with logical reasoning kills in concrete situations
from age 7- age 11
hallmarks: capable of conversation

Formal Operational Stage

4th stage of pigat's 4 stages of cognitive delev.
Thinking about things that are not concrete

Temperment

Set of innate behavioral characteristics established at birth that typically prevail through adulthood. (way of dealing with new things/change - NOT PERSONALITY or CHARACTER)

"The Easy Child"

easy-going

"The Difficult Child"

cried all the time

"The Slow to Warm-Up Child"

fussy at first bu then an okay-happy baby

Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation Experiment

mother and child play together
stranger enters
mother leaves room
(observe baby's behavior)
mother returns and stranger leaves

Secure Attachment

checks with mom to play but always plays

Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment

doesn't like being put down

Aviodant Attachment

no reaction to any steps of progress

Disorganized-Disoriented Attachment

somehwat clingy but not really understanding what's going on

Harry Harlow's "Wire Mother" Experiment

placed baby monkey in cage with soft fluffy mother or wire monkey mother
one of the mother would give food to the baby
baby monkeys would still spend more time with the soft mother even if the other fed them

Contact Comfort

Contact between infant and caregivers is critical for normal social and emotional development

Authoritarian Parenting Style

restrictive

Authoritative Parenting Style

limits but encourages independence
outcome: more socially confident

Neglectful Parenting Style

not around

Permissive Parenting Style

no limits on behavior

Adolesense

transition from childhood to adulthood

beginning around 10-12 and ends around 18-20

Puberty

A period of rapid skeletal and sexual maturity that occur during adolesense

Brain development during adolescense

Amygdala-emotional intelligence
Prefrontal cortex-self-control and decision-making

Adolescence Egocentrism

belief that others re as preoccupied with the adolescent as he or she is

Personal Fable

convince that they are special

Imaginary Audience

belief that everyone is noticing and watching them (everyone notices the pimple on your forehead)

Identity Development

Stage in adolescence in which you must find out who you are

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

Preconventional - rewards or punishment (will do it if they know they won't be punished)
Conventional - standards or societal norm (the law says it's wrong so I won't do it)
Postconventional Morality - personal values and own conscience (I feel human life is more important than pay for expensive drugs)

Social Psychology

How people select

Person Perception

How do we think about other people

forming impressions about others
power of the first impression (the primacy effect)

Stereotypes

Generalizations about how a group's characteristics that does not account for individual variability
we stereotype because we're biologically built to categorize

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

Expectations cause individuals to act in ways that make the expectations come true

Stereotype Threat

Type of self-fulfilling prophecy in which anxiety about negatively stereotyped actually causes underperformance

Attractiveness

Human physical features that others rate as high in objective physical appeal
average is beautiful (beautiful is good)
all beautiful people are kind

Attributions

Determining why people do what they do

Attribution Theories

Internal vs. External Causes (idiot/bad driver vs. lost or fishbowl)
Stable vs. Unstable Causes ( constant-always late vs. temporary-late only once)
Controllable vs. Uncontrollable Causes (didn't leave early enough vs. train/accident)

False Consensus Effect

Overestimation of the degree to which everyone else thinks and acts the way we do

The Self

how we view ourselves

Self Esteem

the degree to which we have positive or negative feelings about ourselves

Self Image

The degree to which we believe others have positive or negative feelings about ourselves

Self Efficacy

Belief that one has the competence to complete a goal or task

Social Comparison

Evaluating one's own thoughts

Attitudes

our feelings or opinions about other people

Can attitudes predict behavior?

SOMETIMES
when attitude is strong (hate smoking-not a smoker)
when person make aware of attitude
when person has a vest interest