.

agoraphobia

fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide-open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic.

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintain a starvation diet despite being significantly (15 percent or more) underweight.

antisocial personality disorder

a personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

anxiety disorders

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

autism spectrum disorder

features of these disorders include social deficits and communication difficulties, stereotyped or repetitive behaviors and interests, sensory issues, and in some cases, cognitive delays.

avoidance

....breeds anxiety

binge-eating disorder

significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging or fasting that marks bulimia nervosa.

bipolar disorder

a mood disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the over-excited state of mania. (Formerly called manic-depressive disorder.)

body dysmorphic disorder

is a type of chronic mental illness in which you can't stop thinking about a flaw in your appearance — a flaw that is either minor or imagined. But to you, your appearance seems so shameful that you don't want to be seen by anyone.

borderline personality disorder

a personality disorder that causes emotional instability, relationship problems, a low sense of self-worth, and fear of abandonment. Other common symptoms include intense problems managing anger and recurring self-harming or suicidal behaviors.

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) with purging (by vomiting or laxative use) or fasting.

conversion disorder

a disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found.

delusions

false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.

dissociative amnesia

Person blocks out certain information, usually associated with a stressful or traumatic event, leaving him or her unable to remember important personal information.

dissociative disorders

disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociate) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder.

DSM-5

the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.

Flat Affect

No emotion or inflection in tone when speaking

generalized anxiety disorder

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.

Delusions of grandeur

"I am God!" "I am an important CIA agent!"

hallucination

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus (can be all five senses)

histrionic personality disorder

a personality disorder in which a person needs to be the center of attention; is easily influenced by others.

hoarding

Persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value.

illness anxiety disorder

a disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease.

insanity

a legal term; refers to an inability to manage one's affairs or to be unaware of the consequences of one's actions

major depressive disorder

a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with fi ve or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure.

mania

a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.

medical model

the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.

mood disorders

psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes. See major depressive disorder, mania, and bipolar disorder.

Factitious Disorder by proxy (formerl yMunchausen syndrome by proxy)

is a psychological disorder marked by attention-seeking behavior by a caregiver through those who are in their care; the person with MSP gains attention by seeking medical help for exaggerated or made-up symptoms of a child in his or her care

narcissistic personality disorder

People with these disorders have intense, unstable emotions and a distorted self-image. Further characterized by an abnormal love of self, an exaggerated sense of superiority and importance, and a preoccupation with success and power.

negative symptoms of Schizophrenia

toneless voice; expressionless face; rigid body; lack of personal hygiene; social withdrawal

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions).

panic disorder

an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations. Often followed by worry over a possible next attack.

delusions of persecution

"the CIA is following me!"

Persistent Depression Disorder

A chronic, milder form of Depression; symptoms less severe but longer lasting; sufferer may go undiagnosed, believing depressed state is their natural character

personality disorders

psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.

Philippe Pinel

(1745-1826) from France, insisted that madness was NOT due to demonic possession, but an ailment (illness) of the mind. Implemented moral treatment of patients in institutions.

phobia

an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation.

positive symptoms of Schizophrenia

disorganized speech (often in response to auditory hallucinations); inappropriate emotions; delusions; hallucinations

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.

psychological disorder

a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior. (Adapted from American Psychiatric Association, 2013.)

psychosis

a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact/has a break with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions.

David Rosenhan Study

Researcher sent eight healthy individuals to hospital, complaining of hearing voices saying "empty, dull, thud." They were admitted and given treatment, even when "voices" were no longer present. Proved concern for labeling and admittance.

schizophrenia

a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished or inappropriate emotional expression.

social anxiety disorder

intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such. (Formerly called social phobia.)

somatic disorder

a psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause.

The 4 D's

Deviant, distressful, dysfunctional, dangerous

The Biopsychosocial Approach

Assumes that biological, socio-cultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders.

Word-Salad

confused or unintelligible mixture of seemingly random words and phrases; symptom seen in Schizophrenics

Philippe Pinel; Dorthea Dix

founded humane movements to care for the mentally ill.

Ancient treatments

Examples include: Trephination, Exorcism, being caged like animals, being beaten, mutilated, etc.

lobotomy

a psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain.

psychotherapy

treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth.

biomedical therapy

prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person's physiology.

eclectic approach

an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy.

psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences—and the therapist's interpretations of them—released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.

resistance

in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material.

free association

patient lies on a couch and speaks about whatever comes to his or her mind. No censorship!

interpretation

in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight.

transference

in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent).

psychodynamic therapy

therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight.

insight therapies

a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses.

client/person-centered therapy

a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, emphatic environment to facilitate clients' growth. (Also called person-centered therapy.)

active listening

empathetic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Carl Rogers' client-centered therapy.

unconditional positive regard

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance.

behavior therapy

therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors.

counterconditioning

behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include exposure therapies and aversive conditioning.

exposure therapies

behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid.

systematic desensitization

a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

virtual reality exposure therapy

an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to electronic simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking.

aversive conditioning

a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol).

operant conditioning

procedures enable therapists to use behavior modification: desired; behaviors are rewarded; undesired behaviors are either unrewarded or punished

token economy

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats.

cognitive therapy

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.

Aaron Beck

suggests that depressed patients: believe that they can never be happy (thinking); believes that cognitions such as "I can never be happy" need to change in order for depressed patients to recover and this change is brought about by gently questioning patients.

rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions. (therapist states, "STOP" following an irrational statement.

cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior).

group therapy

therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction.

family therapy

therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members.

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)

Therapist attempts to unlock and reprocess previous frozen traumatic memories by waving a finger in front of the eyes of the client

Commonalities Among Psychotherapies

A hope for demoralized people; A new perspective; An empathetic, trusting and caring relationship.

resilience

the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma.

antipsychotic drugs

drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder.

classical antipsychotics

Thorazine: remove a number of positive symptoms associated with schizophrenia such as agitation, delusions, and hallucinations.

Clozapine

Atypical Antipsychotic; blocks receptors for dopamine and serotonin; remove the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

Tardive Dyskinesia

are involuntary movements of the tongue, lips, face, trunk, and extremities that occur in patients treated with long-term use of antipsychotic medication.

antianxiety drugs

drugs used to control anxiety and agitation. Xanax, Ativan, Valium, etc.

antidepressant drugs

drugs used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. (Several widely used antidepressant drugs are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors—SSRIs.) Zoloft, Paxil, Prozac

SSRIs

improve the mood by elevating levels of serotonin by inhibiting reuptake.

lithium carbonate

a common salt, has been used to stabilize manic episodes in bipolar disorders; it moderates the levels of norepinephrine and glutamate neurotransmitters.

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

a controversial biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient.

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity.

psychosurgery

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior.

Albert Ellis

pioneer in Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET) and (REBT) focuses on altering client's patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive behavior and emotions

Beck Depression Inventory

psychometric assessment created by cognitive theorist Aaron Beck used to assess the severity of depression that has already been diagnosed.

intelligence

mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

Charles Spearman

used and developed factor analysis (identifies clusters of related items)

general intelligence (g)

a general intelligence factor that according to Spearman and others underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test