2nd Lab Practical AA&P

endomysium

delicate layer of connective tissue that separates individual muscle fibers ** outside of sarcolemma; it isnt on the diagram in lab*

muscle model in lab labeled

nucleus ?

sarcolemma

plasma membrane of a muscle fiber

sarcoplasmic reticulum

specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum, stores Ca2+

mitochondria

produces energy

nucleus

triad of skeletal muscle

1 T-tubule and 2 terminal cisternae

T tubules

transverse tubules

tube like inward folds of the sarcolemma, found at regular intervals among the muscle fiber, carries electrical impulses to the center of the muscle fiber

terminal cisternae

enlarged regions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, closely associated with the t tubules (form the triad)

myofibrils

bundles of protein filaments, multiple found in sarcoplasm extending length of the muscle fiber, formed by sarcomeres joining @ ends

thick filament & thin filament

myosin, actin respectively

sarcomere

join end to end to form myofibrils

Z disc

network of proteins @ end of sarcomere, anchor actin myofilaments

i band

light region, only actin, contains z discs

A band

dark area; extends length of the thick filaments (myosin)

H zone

within A band, contains only myosin filaments

M line

delicate filaments that support myosin filaments

neuromuscular junction

point of contact between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber... consits of presynaptic terminal, synaptic cleft, motor end plate of postsynaptic membrane

acetylcholine

A neurotransmitter

Occipitofrontalis

Origin: occipital

Insertion: skin of eyebrow, nose

Action: moves scalp; raises eyebrows; wrinkles forehead; "suprise"

temporalis muscle

Origin: Temporal fossa of temporal and parietal bones

Insertion: anterior portion of mandibular ramus and coronoid process

Function: elevates and retracts the mandible; involved in excursion

orbicularis oculi muscle

origin: maxilla and frontal bones

insertion: circles orbit and inserts near origin

function: closes eyes; blinking; winking; squinting

procerus muscle

origin: bridge of nose

insertion: frontalis

action: creates horizontal wrinkles between eyes (frowning)

nasalis muscle

origin: maxilla

insertion: bridge and side of nose

action: dilates nostril

levator labii superioris

origin: maxilla

insertion: skin and orbicularis oris of upper lip

action: raises upper lip "sneer"

zygomaticus minor

origin: zygomatic bone

insertion: orbicularis oris of upper lip

action: elevates and abducts upper lip; smile

zygomaticus major

origin: zygomatic bone

insertion: angle of mouth

action: elevates and abducts upper lip and corner of mouth "smile"

buccinator muscle

origin: mandible and maxilla

insertion: orbicularis at corner of the mouth

action: draws corners of mouth posteriorly; compresses cheek to hold food between teeth

orbicularis oris

origin: nasal septum, maxilla, mandible

insertion: fascia and other muscles of lip

action: closes and purses lip "kissing"

depressor anguli oris

origin: lower border of mandible

insertion: skin of lip near corner of mouth

action: lowers corner of mouth; frown

masseter muscle

origin: zygomatic arch

insertion: lateral side of mandibular ramus

action: elevates and protracts mandible; involved in excursion

Massester on cat

Sternocleidomastoid

origin: manubrium and medial clavicle

insertion: mastoid process and superior nuchal line

action: one contracting alone laterally flexes head and neck to same side and rotates head and neck to opposite side... both contracting together; flex neck

trapezius muscle

origin: occipital protuberance, nuchal ligament and spinous process of C7-T12

insertion: clavicle, acromion process, and scapular spine

action: extends and laterally flexes neck

platysma

origin: fascia of deltoid and pectoralis major

insertion: skin over inferior border of mandible

action: depresses lower lip; wrinkles skin of neck and upper chest; to express fear

Digastric on cat

origin: mastoid process (posterior belly)

insertion: mandible near midline (anterior belly)

action: depresses and retracts mandible; elevates hyoid

Sternomastoid on cat

Mylohyoid on cat

origin: body of mandible

insertion: hyoid

action: elevates floor of mouth and tongue ; depresses mandible when hyoid is fixed

Sternohyoid on cat

origin: manubrium and first costal cartilage

insertion: hyoid

action: depresses hyoid; fixes hyoid when opening mouth

Sternothyroid on cat

origin: manubrium and first or second costal cartilage

insertion: thyroid cartilage

action: depresses larynx, fixes hyoid when opening mouth

pectoralis major

latissimus dorsi

serratus anterior

external abdominal oblique

rectus abdominis

internal abdominal oblique

transversus abdominis

trapezius

levator scapulae

Rhombdoideus Major

rhombdoideus minor

pectoralis minor

subscapularis

anterior surface of scapula

teres minor

origin: lateral border of scapula

insertion: greater tubercle of humerus

*** superior to teres major

teres major

origin: lateral border of scapula

insertion: medial crest of intertubercular groove

** inferior to teres minor

deltoid

Corachobrachialis

origin: coracoid process of scapula

insertion: midshaft of humerus

** deep to short head of biceps brachii (is medial of the biceps)

supraspinatus

origin: supraspinous fossa of scapula

insertion: greater tubercle of humerus

posterior side of scapula, superior to scapular spine

Infraspinatus

origin: infraspinous fossa of scapula

insertion: greater tubercle of humerus

inferior to scapular spine, posterior surface

long head of biceps brachii

Origin: supraglenoid tubercle

Insertion: radial tuberosity

lateral side of biceps

short head of biceps brachii

Origin: coracoid process of scapula

Insertion: radial tuberosity

medial head, superficial to coracobrachialis (same origin)

lateral head of triceps brachii

origin: humeral shaft

insertion: posterior surface of ulna

(olecranon fossa)

** anterior to the long head, the most lateral

medial head of triceps brachii

Origin: posterior surface of shaft of humerus

Insertion: olecranon process of the ulna

** most medial, posterior

long head of triceps brachii

Origin: Infraglenoid tubercle of lateral border of scapula

insertion: olecranon process

** between the medial and lateral heads, they all insert at the olecranon process

Triceps (all heads) insertion

olecranon process of ulna

brachialis

Origin: anterior surface of humerus.

Insertion: coronoid process of ulna.

*** between the biceps and triceps

pronator teres

origin: medial epicondyle of humerus

insertion: radius

** diagonal from medial humerus to lateral radius

Brachioradialis

Origin: Lateral ridge at distal end of humerus

Insertion: radial styloid process

** originates at humerus, passes over brachialis, then inserts at end of radius (thumb side)

flexor carpi radialis

Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus

Insertion: Bases of second and third metacarpal bones

** most superficial, central in anatomical position

flexor carpi unlaris

** medial, pinky side to flexor carpi ulnaris, superficial

palmaris longus

between flexor carpii radialis and ulnaris

3 superficial forearm muscles

flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, and palmaris longus, these being superficial in anatomical position

flexor digitorum superficialis

under the flexor carpi radialism palmaris longus, and flexor carpi ulnaris -- so this is still a flexor so iti is superficial but it is a deeper flexor,

its own level

supinator

Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus

Insertion: Radius

** short muscle on same level as flexor digitorm superficialis

flexor pollicis longus

origin: radius

insertion: distal phalanx of thumb

flexor digitorum profundus

deeper than flexor digitorum superficialis

Deep layer of flexor forearm

flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicus longus,

extensor carpi ulnaris

deepest in anatomical position, but superficial posteriorly

extensor digitorum

large, central, on posterior surface

extensor carpi radialis longus

closer to thumb than brevis, posterior surface, thumb side

extensor carpi radialis brevis

medial to the longus when in anatomical position so it is closer to first finger

gluteus maximus

gluteus medius

gluteus minimus

tensor fasciae latae

vastus lateralis

rectus femoris

vastus medialis

sartorius

adductor longus

gracilis

adductor magnus

Semimembranosus (red diagram)

Semitendinosus (red diagram)

long head of biceps femoris

long head is posterior to short head

tibialis anterior

lateral head of gastrocnemius

medial head of gastrocenemius

soleus

cerebral cortex

be able to identify gray & white matter and pyramidal cells will be in gray matter

white is deep