Nursing Theories

Watson's Theory of Caring

Focus on the caring aspect of nursing, and creating the connection between Nurse-Patient

What are the three main functions of Watson's Theory of Caring?

- Clinical Caritas
- Transpersonal Care
- Caring moments/occasion

Levine's Conservation Model

Focus on dealing with change (adaptation) productively, while saving one's energy

Factors that influence Conservation

- Historicity
- Specificity
- Redundancy

Four Principles of Conservation

- Energy
- Structural Integrity
- Personal Integrity
- Social Integrity

Neuman's System Model

Focus on all variables/factors that contribute to the patient's response to stressors

What was Neuman's theory influenced by?

General Systems Model
- All systems are connected to each other
- If one is affected, the rest are affected

What is the Human Response System in Neuman's Theory?

- Alarm
- Resistance or Adaptation
- Exhaustion
- Adjustment or healing

Roy's Adaptation Model

Focus on helping patients adapt to new changes from the environment; systems and adaptation concepts

What are the Four Modes of Adaptation?

- Physiologic
- Self Concept
- Role Function
- Interdependence

What are the Four Major Concepts of Adaptation?

- Humans are Wholistic
- Environment made up of internal and external stimuli
- Health
- Goals of Nursing

Orem's Self-Care Model

Focus on helping patients meet their self-care needs through practice

Self Care

- Self Care
- Self care agency
- Basic conditioning factors
- Therapeutic self-care demands

Self-deficit

An individual not able to meet their self needs, and may need assistance

Nursing Systems

Nurse's assessment on the patient's situation about their self-care needs

Leininger's Transcultural Theory

Focus on the patient's culture values, beliefs, and practices to better provide care

Pelletier's Nursing Process Theory

Focus on respond and act on the patient's experiences and immediate call for help

Three concepts of the Nursing Process Theory

- Nursing process starts by patient's behavior
- Patient behavior stimulates nurse reaction
- Professional nursing action resulted from deliberate activity

Types of Nursing actions

- Automatice
- Deliberate

Kolcaba's Theory of Comfort

Focus on improve the comfort needs of patient

The types of Comfort

- Relief
- Ease
- Transcendence

Four Context of Comfort

- Physical
- Psychospiritual
- Environment
- Sociocultural

Pender's Health Promotion Model

Focus on helping patient beyond illness/sickness, but quality of life

What approach should nurses do? (Pender's Health Promotion Model)

Proactive

Actions to promote positive health outcomes

- Optimal well-being
- Personal fulfillment
- Productive Living

Factors that influence behavior (Pender's theory)

- Prior related behaviors
- Personal factors

Peplau's Interpersonal Theory

Focus on the relationship between the patient and nurse

Three areas of focus (Peplau's theory)

- Observation of patient's behavior
- Observation of own behavior
- Type and quality of relation

Phases of nurse-patient relationship

- Orientation
- Working
- Termination

Interpersonal Pitfalls

Examples that destroy nurse-patient relation

King's Theory of Goal Attainment

Focus on interacting, creating, and achieving goals

Conceptual Systems (King's Theory)

- Personal: individual
- Interpersonal: groups (most important)
- Social: Society

Benner's Model of Skill Acquistion

Focus on how nurses practice nursing skills

Stages of Acquisition

- Novice
- Advanced Beginner
- Competent
- Proficient
- Expert

Meleis's Transition Theory

Focus on helping patients through healthy life transition

Types of Transitions

- Developmental
- Situational
- Health-illness
- Organizational

Roger’s Unitary Human Being

Focus on humans as energy fields identified as patterns, nine assertions of science

Newman’s Health as Expanding Consciousness

Focus on patient’s consciousness as a pattern, interconnectedness of human-environment

Parse’s Theory of Human Becoming

Focus on patient’s perception of their quality of life

Parse’s Theory Themes

- Meaning
- Rhythmicity
- Transcendence

Philosophies

Definition of nursing in general

Grand Theories

Discussions of broad nursing practice areas

Middle Range Theories

Assertions about specific nursing actions, processes or concepts

Differences of Philosophies and Theories

Philosophies are about how something should be viewed, while theories are explanations on how something works