Chapter 3 PSY220 Psychobiology (neural anatomy)

Somatic

—> compare voluntary movements (skeletal, muscle) —> Sensory input (eyes) —> integration (CNS) —> motor output (PNS)

Automatic

—> involuntary (organs)

• executes commands

• Sympathetic: (fight/flight)

  • Ex: accelerates heart, rigorous activity norepinephrine

  • Organs can function on their own but are influenced by the brain

• Parasympathetic (rest/digest)

  • Ex: contracts bladder, inner calm acetylcholine

Neuraxis

Line down CNS as a refrence point

Ventral

Toward the stomach

Dorsal

Toward the back

Antenor

Toward the front end

Posterior

Toward the back (caudal)

Lateral

Toward the side/ far from the midline ← →

Medial

Toward the midline → ←

Frontal plane

separates the front (anterior) and back (posterior) of the body.

Saggital Plane

separates the left and right sides of the body.

Horizonatal plane

divides the body into superior and inferior sections.

Proximal

Close to origin (head, shoulder)

Distal

Distant from origin (head,hand)

Ipsilateral

same side

Contralateral

Opposite side

Function

• EEG

  • Dots on your head, brain wave

• PET

  • Inject isotope, areas of brain active during a task)

  • Laughter → cocaine

• FMRI (used wehn preforming complex taks: talking )

  • Shows change in blood flow

  • Multitasking → shifting attention, causes neural conflcit

Structure

• CT Scan (xray abstract by bone, shows white, brain matter white)

MRI

(Uses magnetic filed to arrange hydrogen atoms, more tissue → more hydrogen)

Nervous System Diagram

Alzheimers

→ Deficits in intellect & memory

• Degeneration of cortical cells that use acetyclone

• Beta amyloid deficits

Longitudinal Fissure

Large space

Sulcus

Small spaces

Gyrus

Band of tissue

Frontal lobe

Movement

Central sulcus

allows the brain to process sensory information and coordinate motor commands

Parietal Lobe

Tactile

Occipital lobe

Vision

Temporal lobe

Auditory

Lateral Sulcus

Separate temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobe

Each lobe has a…

primary (awareness) & secondary (comprehend) associational cortex

Angular Gyrus

→ Combines sensory information / deeper reasoning

Flow of Movement

Sensory Organs

Thalamus

Primary somatosensory cortex

Secondary somatosensory cortex

Angular gyrus

2nd major association cortex “forms plans”

Primary motor cortex “performs the acts”
Subcontrol motor pathways

Skeletal muscle

Brocas Aphasia

Speech production deficit

Wenike’s Apahsia

Comprehension Defecit

Nervous System Diagram

Telencephalon “end brain, last two mature”

Cerebral Cortex

• Left and right hemispheres

• Separated by longitudinal fissure (large space)

• Sulcus (small space)

• Gyrus (band of tissue)

• Contralateral

Corpus Collosum

• Largest track of myelinated axons in brain

• Homotopic callosal pathways connects hemispheres

• Interhemisphere communication

Limbic system

• interlinked structures border around brain stem

• Mediates emotion, aggression, motivation, learning & memory

• Includes olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, Cingulate gyrus

Basal Ganglia

• Planning of movement, memory, & emotional expression

Diencephalon

Thalamus

• relay station

• Recieves info from sensory organs, forwards to cortex, and output/motor, forwards 2 muscles

Hypothalamus

• Eating, drinking, sex

• Below thalamus, smaller

• Conveys messages to pituitary gland to release hormones influencing endocrine system