Biology - Exam Review

Questions for exam

Describes the body’s response to a high level of blood calcium.

Secretion of parathyroid hormone is reduced.

Hormone-producing cells of the pancreas secrete.

Both insulin and glucagon.

The master gland.

Pituitary because it controls the glands.

Hormones regulate…

All of the above.

Basketball players height is due to an excessive secretion of…

GH

Example of a hormone that exhibits positive feedback during labor would be

Oxytocin

Individual who is unable to store or oxidize enough sugar is said to be suffering from…

Diabetes mellitus

Structure which connects the kidney to the bladder.

Ureter

All the filtrate in the glomerulus is collected in the

Bowman’s capsule

The kidneys perform two major functions are…

Control the concentration of the body and excrete metabolic wastes.

Which type of feedback causes the reaction from the body to get stronger until the stimulus is gone?

Positive feedback

Which term refers to animals that maintain a constant body temp?

Endotherms

Which of these is the correct pathway of urine flow during excretion

Collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

How does the nervous system help maintain homeostasis?

It receives data from the environment and transmits signals throughout the body.

What are the functional units of the kidney?

Nephrons

A rapid increase in external temp would be followed by which homeostatic adjustment in humans?

An increase in blood flow to the arms and an increase in perspiration.

What does not protect against rapid cooling?

Increased bloodflow to the arms.

The type of neuron that carry nerve impulses form the sensor to the brain

Sensory neurons

What are the products of the endodrine glands?

Hormones

Where is the thyroid gland located?

In the front of the throat

The brain and spinal cord are of which system?

CNS

Which part of a neuron receives sensory information?

Dendrite

What is one function of the cerebellum?

Help with balance and coordination.

Antidiuretic hormone is secreted by the…

Hypothalamus

The hypothalamus:

All of the above

Which of the following statements about hormones is incorrect?

They are used to communicate between different individuals.

The organization of neurons that enable you to react rapidly and involuntarily in times of danger

Reflex arc

Suppose a person is relaxing in front of a TV after eating a large meal. Which component of the autonomic nervous system is activated when the body is calm and at rest?

Parasympathetic nervous system

Which structure is located completely within the CNS?

The thalamus

Which of the following is NOT one of the structures or mechanisms designed to protect the human brain?

The medulla oblongata that is found in the hindbrain area.

The part of the brain that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres of the brain is called the…

Corpus callosum

What does “dynamic equilibrium” mean?

Maintaining a constant composition within narrow limits.

When the human body responds to a change in temp, which structure is the coordinating (control) centre?

Hypothalamus

Which substance is not normally found in the filtrate inside the Bowman’s capsule?

Protein

Identify the sequence of neural components in the reflex arc

Receptor, sensory neuron, motor neuron, effector.

Myelin sheath is important because

It surrounds the axons of many neurons to help transmit messages

What are the main divisions of the nervous system?

The peripheral nervous system and central nervous system

The three main processes involved in urine formation are

Filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.

The term used to describe the ability of a living organism to adjust to changing environment conditions by regulating their internal processes is

Homeostasis

Choose the item below controlled by ADH

The amount of water re-absorbed in the nephron.

Axon

Extension of the nerve cell that carries impulses

Dendrite

Receive info from sensory receptors or nerve cells

Myelin sheath

Acts as an insulator for the neuron

Schwann cells

Special glial/nerve cells

Synapses

Small spaces between neurons

Ectotherm

Depend on air temp to regulate body

Deamination

Removal of amino group from amino acid

Positive feedback

Increases in intensity of response to stimulus

Golemerulus

Capillary bed which filters the blood

Reabsorption

Nutrients move from renal tubules to blood vessels

Adrenal Glands

Releases flight or fight hormones

Endodrine system

A system of glands that release chemical messenger molecules

Gonads

Releases sex hormones

Hormone

Messenger molecules released by endocrine glands

Hypothalamus

Provides a link between the nervous and endocrine systems

Pancreas

Releases hormones that work together to control the level of glucose in the blood

Parathyroid glands

Releases hormone that helps keep the level of CA in the blood within a narrow range

Pineal Gland

Releases hormones that control sleep wake cycle and several other processes

Pituitary Glands

The master gland of the endocrine system

Steroid hormones

Hormones that are made of lipids such as phospholipids and cholesterol

Target cell

The type of cell on which a hormone has an effect

Thyroid gland

Release hormones that increase the rate of metabolism in cells throughout the body

When someone doesn’t produce enough insulin, what happens? name?

Diabetes and blood glucose levels would be too high.

Compare components of autonomic nervous system. Example.

Sympathetic - Stress system - sex drive

Parasympathetic - relaxation - sleeping

What is one of the functions of the cerebellum?

to coordinate skeletal muscle activity

What is a presynaptic cell?

neuron that carries the impulse to the synapse

When we are exposed to a stimulus continues at a constant level, for example, when our phones sitting on our laps and we forget they are there, the process is called

Sensory adaption

Neurons are cells that are specialized for the transmission and reception of which type(s) of signals

electrical and chemical

Which part of the brain is dedicated to nerves which allow us to differentiate two points in the two point touch experiment that we did in class ?

somatosensory cortex

Which ions cause a neuron to repolarize after a nerve impulse passes?

potassium ions

In the mouse party activity, what was the effect of cocaine on the brain of the mouse?

blocks dopamine transporters

The band of fibres that connects the left and right hemisphere of the brain is called the:

corpus collosum

Which is NOT a function of glial cells

conducing neural impulses

Which part of a neuron receives sensory information?

dendrite

Which type of neuron transmits electric impulses to muscle fibres?

Motor

Afferent is to __________ as efferent is to ___________ the central nervous system.

sensory, motor

Which term can be used to describe a membrane when the membrane potential is __**below**__ the resting value?

hyperpolarized

Where in the neuron are neurotransmitters released?

0. at the synaptic knobs of axon terminals

Neurotransmitter which increase theliklihood of an action potential are 

excitatory

When a neuron is at rest, the membrane potential is  _______________ than the outside

more negative

Which brain part provides involuntary coordination of body movements?

cerebellum

What is the peripheral nervous system composed of?

0. sensory receptors and nerves

Small button-like swellings at the tip of an axon allow signals to be transmitted from one neuron to another. What are these swellings called?

axon terminals

Multiple sclerosis is a disease which affects the myelin. Myelin is responsible for 

coating the axon and speeding up electrical impulses

Which receptors detect pain in the body?

nociceptors

Which term refers to a neural circuit that travels through the spinal cord but does not require the coordination of the brain?

reflex arc

Neurotransmitter molecules are released by a presynaptic neuron, diffuse across a narrow gap called the ___________ , and bind to receptors in the plasma membrane of a postsynaptic cell.

synaptic cleft

The following are all protective except for

meningitis

What is the correct order for the transmission of an impulse in a motor neuron?

dendrite, cell body, axon

What are the two subsystems of the peripheral nervous system?

autonomic and somatic

Which term refers to the tendency of organisms to maintain a stable internal environment?

homeostasis

What is the primary mechanism of homeostasis?

negative feedback loop

What are the functional units of the kidney?

nephrons

"The human body can regulate its internal environment and maintain stable conditions suitable for essential biological processes." Which comment about this statement is correct?

It refers to homeostasis in the body.

Which body function is performed by the endocrine system?

regulating the levels of various hormones essential to life processes

What is the correct order of the three components of homeostatic mechanisms?

sensor, integrator, effector

When urine flows from the kidney to the urinary bladder, which structure does it flow through?

ureter

What are the products of the endocrine glands?

hormones

Where is the pituitary gland located?

within the cranium, just below the brain

What is the target tissue of ACTH?

adrenal cortex