R & R exam 3

level of 11th and 12th rib

where are the kidney in relation to the ribs

T12-L3

where are the kidneys in relation to the vertebrae in SUPINE position

L1-L4

where are the kidneys in relation to the vertebrae in STANDING position

right

which kidney is slightly lower due to the liver

renal pelvis (pos), renal artery, renal vein (ant)

what is the order of vessels that enter the hilum from POSTERIOR to ANTERIOR

secures kidney to posterior abdominal wall

what is the function of the adipose tissue that surrounds the kidneys

retroperitoneal

A term describing the anatomical space BEHIND the PERITONEUM, where the kidneys are situated

cortex

what is A

pyramid

what is B

renal columns

what is C

renal sinus

what is D

renal pelvis

what is E

major calyx

what is F

minor calyx

what is G

renal papilla

what is H

ureter

what is I

afferent arteriole

what is A

proximal convoluted tubule

what is B

interlobular artery

what is C

glomerular capsule

what is D

efferent arteriole

what is E

in the renal pyramids

where does urine enter the collecting ducts

renal papilla, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra

path of urine as it leaves the body

high

ADH (antidiuretic hormone) activity that leads to more concentrated urine

low

ADH activity that leads to more diluted urine.

BUN and creatinine

waste products measured to assess kidney function

Na, K, Cl, CO2

solutes regulated by kidneys

tubules

where does resorption and secretion occur

reabsorption

transfer from TUBULE to BLOOD

secretion

transfer from BLOOD to TUBULE

glomerulus

where does filtration occur

juxtamedullary nephron

nephron with loop of henle that extends deep into medulla, functions to CONCENTRATE URINE

inner medullary collecting tubule

major site of water regulation

proximal tubule

ONLY site of glucose reabsorption

proximal tubule

major site of reabsorption

proximal tubule

major site of water reabsorption

descending loop

where does water reabsorption occur in LOOP OF HENLE

ascending loop

where solutes are reabsorbed using active transport in the loop of Henle

medullary concentration gradient

increasing concentration of solutes in the renal medulla that facilitates water reabsorption

PCT dysfunction, SGLT2 (Na/glu transporter) blockade, hyperglycemia

potential causes of glucose in urine

loop of henle

creates medullary concentration gradient that allows for conc. of urine

ascending loop

where do loop diuretics act

ascending loop

main site of Mg reabsorption

solute reabsorbed via active transport

what happens as filtrate travels up ASCENDING loop

water reabsorbed

what happens as filtrate travels down DESCENDING loop

distal tubule

site of fine tuning reabsorption

distal tubule

where do thiazide diuretic act

cortical collecting duct

major site of K secretion

cortical collecting duct

where does aldosterone act

principal/light cells

REABSORB Na (ENaC) and SECRETE K (ROMK) in cortical collecting duct

ENaC

SODIUM channel responsible for REABSORPTION in PRINCIPAL cells of cortical collecting duct

ROMK

POTASSIUM channel responsible for SECRETION in PRINCIPAL cells of cortical collecting duct

intercalated/dark cells

control pH through H+ SECRETION and HCO3- REABSORPTION in the cortical collecting duct

cortical collecting duct

major site of regulation of Na, K, and H+

Na

what is reabsorbed at cortical collecting duct

K and H+

what is secreted at cortical collecting duct

aldosterone

hormone that increase Na REABSORPTION and K SECRETION

increased K and H+ secretion

side effects of aldosterone

medullary collecting duct

site of antidiuretic hormone control

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

inserts aquaporin channels in medullary collecting duct to promote WATER REABSORPTION

intracellular fluid

where is the majority of total body water located?

aquaporins

specialized water channel proteins that facilitate water transport across cell membranes, particularly in the kidneys.

Na

major solute in extracellular fluid

K

major solute in intracellular fluid

efferent arteriole

blood vessel that EXITS the glomerulus

afferent arteriole

blood vessel that ARRIVES at the glomerulus

efferent arteriole

orgin of blood in capillaries wrapped around the tubules?

macula densa

specialized cells in the DCT that help regulate blood pressure and GFR.

fenestrated endothelium, basement membrane, podocyte filtration slits

layers of filtration barrier

water, glucose, electrolytes (Na, K ect), amino acids

what passes through a healthy filtration barrier

large proteins and cells

what CANNOT pass through a healthy filtration barrier

protein or blood in urine

what indicates injured/diseased filtration barrier?

decreases

what happens to GFR if hydrostatic pressure in BOWMANS SPACE INCREASES

decreases

what happens to GFR if hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries DECREASES (hypotention)

increases

what happens to GFR if EFFERENT arteriole is vasoCONSTRICTED

decreases

what happens to GFR if AFFERENT arteriorlie is vasCONSTRICTED

renal blood flow (RBF)

the volume of blood delivered to the kidneys per unit time, affecting GFR and kidney function.

renal plasma flow (RPF)

the volume of plasma that passes through the kidneys per unit time, a crucial metric in assessing kidney function.

GFR decreases

what happens if RBF decreases

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

the rate at which blood is filtered through the glomeruli of the kidneys, affecting fluid and electrolyte balance in the body.

125ml/min

normal GFR

most water is reabsobed

why is GFR NOT equal to urine output

BP (pressure), BV (volume), arteriole resistance, barrier integrity, hormone signal

determinants of GFR

juxtaglomerular apparatus

what structure is outlined by the yellow box

macula densa

senses NaCl levels in distal tubule and regulates blood pressure and GFR.

adenosine release/ decrease GFR

response of MACULA DENSA if NaCl is HIGH

prostaglandin (PEG2) release/ increase GFR

response of MACULA DENSA if NaCl is LOW

adenosine

vasoCONSTRICTOR of AFFERENT arteriole released by MACULA DENSA

prostaglandin/PEG2

vasoDILATOR of AFFERENT arteriole released by MACULA DENSA

Renin

Hormone released by JUXTAGLOMERULAR cells in response to LOW blood pressure, leading to increased production of angiotensin II.

RAAS

A hormonal system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance, initiated by the release of renin from the kidneys.

low BP

what causes juxtaglomerular GRANULAR cells to signal RENIN release

low NaCl

what causes MACULA DENSA to signal RENIN release

low-level angiotensin II

causes vasoCONSTRICTION of EFFERENT arteriole INCREASING GFR

aldosterone

hormone produced by adrenal glands that promotes Na RETENTION INCREASING BP and blood volume

NSAIDs

block prostaglandin mediated vasodilation and renin release, DECREASES GFR

cortex

Identify A

medulla

Identify B

renal corpuscle

Identify A

proximal convoluted tubule

identify B