Environmental Biology Final Study Guide 👩🏽‍🔬

What is science?

What is science?

A philosophy used to answer questions about the natural world through observation and experimentation

Scientific Method

Way of collecting evidence that supports or rejects a prediction

Controlled Experimentation

Trying to answer a question by changing one variable at a time; one thing must be changed; one thing must be measured

Independent/Manipulated Variable

Variable being changed, on the x axis

Dependent/Responding Variable

The variable you measure, on the y axis

Steps of Scientific Method

1. Make an observation

2. Ask a question

3. Research

4. Make a Hypothesis

5. Develop a controlled experiment

6. Conduct the experiment; measure and record data

7. Analyze data

8. Draw Conclusion

9. Share your results and try again

   (marm dcads)

What are the three things that conclusions can do?

Support hypothesis, reject hypothesis, or leave the hypothesis inconclusive

Levels of Organization

Subatomic particles, atoms, molecules, macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organisms, populations, community, ecosystem, biomes, biospheric, solar system, galaxy, universe (sam moc tooop cebbsgu)

Subatomic Particles

Protons, neutrons, electrons

Atoms

Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon

Molecules

Two or more atoms chemically combined

H20, C02

Macromolecules

Smaller molecules combined

ex: proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids

Organelles

Organs of the cell

ex: mitochondria, nucleus, lysosomes

Cells

Plant vs animal

Prokaryotic (no nucleus) and Eukaryotic (nucleus)

Populations

Group of similar organisms living in the same region

ex: school of fish, humans, murder of crows

Community

A bunch of populations in the same area

ex: Masters Campus

Ecosystem

Community + non living things (abiotic)

ex: forest

Biomes

Ecosystems that have similar populations as well as environmental conditions

ex: desert, tundra, rain forest

Biospheric

All the biomes

ex: earth

Solar System

Galaxy

Universe

Characteristics of Living Organisms

1. They are made of cells

2. They reproduce

3. They are based on a universal genetic code

4. They grow and develop

5. They use materials and energy

6. They respond to the environment

7. They maintain an internal balance (homeostasis)

8. They change over time

   (mr bgurm c)

What is the goal of most atoms?

To have 8 valence electrons, hydrogen is an exception

Ionic Bonds

Form when atoms transfer electrons

Covalent Bonds

Form when atoms share electrons (hydrogen is positive, oxygen is negative)

What are the seven properties of water?

Cohesive, adhesive, high heat capacity, surface tension, polar, universal solvent, capillary action

Cohesive

Water molecules “stick” to other water molecules

ex: water on a penny

Adhesive

Water molecules “stick” to other substances

ex: The smaller tube having the most water

High Heat Capacity

Slow to heat and its slow to cool

ex: On a humid day, the sand gets hot but the ocean remains cold

Surface Tension

The molecules on the top of the water are attracted to the molecules beneath which creates a thin “net” holding the water together

Polar

Has a positive and negative side

Universal Solvent

Can dissolve a wide variety of solutes

ex: Salt dissolving in water

Capillary Action

The ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the assistance of external forces like gravity.

ex: Water getting from roots to plants

Ionic Bonds

Form when atoms transfer electrons

Enzymes

Biological catalyst, reusable, each enzyme is unique to a specific substrate

How can an enzyme be denatured?

Change in temperature and change in pH

Catalysts

Speeds up chemical reactions at a lower temperature, reusable, aren’t consumed

What is the metaphor for enzymes and substrates?

Lock (enzyme) and Key (substrate)

What are carbohydrates composed of?

Hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon

What are the monomers of carbohydrates?

monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, and galactose

What are examples of carbohydrates?

Sugar, starch, cellulose

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

Short-term energy

What are lipids composed of?

Carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen

What are the monomers of lipids?

Glycerol and Fatty Acids

What are examples of lipids?

Oil, wax, glyceride

What are the functions of lipids?

Insulation, long term energy

What are proteins composed of?

Nitrogen, sulfur, hydrogen, oxygen, carbon

What are the monomers of proteins?

Amino acids

What are examples of proteins?

Enzymes, hormones

What are the functions of proteins?

Control rate of reactions and regulates cell processes, transports substances in and out of cells

What are nucleic acids composed of?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphates

What are the monomers of nucleic acids?

Nucleotides

What are examples of nucleic acids?

DNA and RNA

What are the functions of nucleic acids?

Store and transfer genetic and hereditary information

Nucleus

Contains genetic material (DNA) and controls cellular processes

Ribosome

Responsible for manufacturing proteins

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Location of protein and liquid synthesis, located near the nucleus

Golgi Apparatus

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for transport within and outside of the cell

Lysosomes

Contains digestive enzymes to breakdown waste materials within the cell

Vacuoles

Stores materials and water

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, produces ATP through cellular respiration

Chloroplasts

Where photosynthesis takes place

Cell Membrane

Regulates the passage of substances in and out of the cell

Cell Wall

Rigid structure that is outside of the cell membrane that protects and provides structural support to the cell

Cytoplasm

Watery fluid inside of the cell membrane that contains organelles and other materials necessary for cellular functions

Prokaryotes

No nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles, and simple compared to eukaryotic cells

Eukaryotes

Has a nucleus, has membrane-bound organelles, and more complex compared to prokaryotic cells

Cell Concepts

1. Membranes are fluid and flexible

2. Membranes can self-repair

3. Eukaryotic cells feature membrane bound organelles

4. Membrane proteins perform special functions

Plant Cell

Cell Wall, cytoplasm, cell membrane, chloroplasts, golgi Apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, mitochondria, vacuole, ribosome

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Animal Cell

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, lysosomes, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, golgi apparatus, nucleus

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Passive Transport

Requires no energy, substances move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Diffusion

Molecules move directly through the lipid bilayer of the membrane

Ex: the smell of hand lotion travelling

Facilitated Diffusion

Molecules move across the membrane using protein channels

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane, moves through aquaporins, goal is equilibrium

Active Transport

Requires energy, moves from low to high concentration, uses protein pumps

Exocytosis

Process used to move substances out of the cell

Endocytosis

Process where the cell takes in materials from the outside environment

Vesicle

Contain the substances that are being moved in endocytosis and exocytosis

Cell Theory

1. All living organisms are made from cells

2. Cell are the basic unit of life

3. All cells come from other cells

Protein Pumps

Helps move molecules across the membrane across the concentration gradient

Hypotonic

When comparing two solutions, the solution with the lower amount of solute in the cell. Cells swell, then lead to potential bursting

Hypertonic

When comparing two solutions, the solution with the higher amount of solute in the cell. Cells shrink

Isotonic

A solution that has the same concentration of solutes as another solution, water can move in and out of cells at the same rate

What is true about solutions?

Water will always move from a hypotonic solution to a hypertonic solution

Cytolysis

When a cell swells and bursts due to too much water in a hypotonic solution. Can be prevented by the cell wall (in plant cells) by providing structural support

Plasmolysis

Occurs when a plant cell loses water and shrinks away from its cell wall due to being placed in a hypertonic solution

Pigments

Light-absorbing compounds

Chloroplasts

Organelle where photosynthesis takes place

Electron Carriers

A compound that can accept a pair of high energy electrons and transfer them a long with most of their energy.

Photosynthesis Chemical Equation (symbols)

6CO2 + 6H20 → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Photosynthesis Chemical Equation (words)

Carbon dioxide + water + light energy → glucose + oxygen

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide (low energy reactants) into high energy oxygen and glucose (products)

Light Dependent Reactions

Occur in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts

Inputs: H20, Light, ADP, NADP+

Outputs: O2, ATP, NADPH

Light Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)

Occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast

Inputs: CO2, ATP, NADPH

Outputs: Glucose (C6H12O6), ADP, NADP+

Cellular Respiration

A process of energy conversion that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen

Cellular Respiration Chemical Equation (symbols)

6O2 + C6H12O6 → 6CO2 + 6H20 + ATP

Cellular Respiration Chemical Equation (words)

Oxygen + Glucose → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy

Where does glycolysis occur?

Cytoplasm

What are the inputs of glycolysis?

2 ATP, 1 Glucose, NAD+, ADP