Environmental Biology Final Study Guide 👩🏽‍🔬

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E bio Study Guide 😝

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139 Terms

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What is science?

A philosophy used to answer questions about the natural world through observation and experimentation

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Scientific Method

Way of collecting evidence that supports or rejects a prediction

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Controlled Experimentation

Trying to answer a question by changing one variable at a time; one thing must be changed; one thing must be measured

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Independent/Manipulated Variable

Variable being changed, on the x axis

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Dependent/Responding Variable

The variable you measure, on the y axis

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Steps of Scientific Method

  1. Make an observation

  2. Ask a question

  3. Research

  4. Make a Hypothesis

  5. Develop a controlled experiment

  6. Conduct the experiment; measure and record data

  7. Analyze data

  8. Draw Conclusion

  9. Share your results and try again

    (marm dcads)

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What are the three things that conclusions can do?

Support hypothesis, reject hypothesis, or leave the hypothesis inconclusive

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Levels of Organization

Subatomic particles, atoms, molecules, macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organisms, populations, community, ecosystem, biomes, biospheric, solar system, galaxy, universe (sam moc tooop cebbsgu)

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Subatomic Particles

Protons, neutrons, electrons

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Atoms

Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon

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Molecules

Two or more atoms chemically combined

H2O, CO2

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Macromolecules

Smaller molecules combined

ex: proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids

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Organelles

Organs of the cell

ex: mitochondria, nucleus, lysosomes

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Cells

Plant vs animal

Prokaryotic (no nucleus) and Eukaryotic (nucleus)

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Populations

Group of similar organisms living in the same region

ex: school of fish, humans, murder of crows

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Community

A bunch of populations in the same area

ex: Masters Campus

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Ecosystem

Community + non living things (abiotic)

ex: forest

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Biomes

Ecosystems that have similar populations as well as environmental conditions

ex: desert, tundra, rain forest

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Biospheric

All the biomes

ex: earth

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Solar System

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Galaxy

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Universe

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Characteristics of Living Organisms

  1. They are made of cells

  2. They reproduce

  3. They are based on a universal genetic code

  4. They grow and develop

  5. They use materials and energy

  6. They respond to the environment

  7. They maintain an internal balance (homeostasis)

  8. They change over time

    (mr bgurm c)

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What is the goal of most atoms?

To have 8 valence electrons, hydrogen is an exception

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Ionic Bonds

Form when atoms transfer electrons

<p>Form when atoms transfer electrons</p>
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Covalent Bonds

Form when atoms share electrons (hydrogen is positive, oxygen is negative)

<p>Form when atoms share electrons (hydrogen is positive, oxygen is negative)</p>
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What are the seven properties of water?

Cohesive, adhesive, high heat capacity, surface tension, polar, universal solvent, capillary action

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Cohesive

Water molecules “stick” to other water molecules

ex: water on a penny

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Adhesive

Water molecules “stick” to other substances

ex: The smaller tube having the most water

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High Heat Capacity

Slow to heat and its slow to cool

ex: On a humid day, the sand gets hot but the ocean remains cold

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Surface Tension

The molecules on the top of the water are attracted to the molecules beneath which creates a thin “net” holding the water together

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Polar

Has a positive and negative side

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Universal Solvent

Can dissolve a wide variety of solutes

ex: Salt dissolving in water

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Capillary Action

The ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the assistance of external forces like gravity.

ex: Water getting from roots to plants

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Ionic Bonds

Form when atoms transfer electrons

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Enzymes

Biological catalyst, reusable, each enzyme is unique to a specific substrate

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How can an enzyme be denatured?

Change in temperature and change in pH

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Catalysts

Speeds up chemical reactions at a lower temperature, reusable, aren’t consumed

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What is the metaphor for enzymes and substrates?

Lock (enzyme) and Key (substrate)

<p>Lock (enzyme) and Key (substrate)</p>
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What are carbohydrates composed of?

Hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon

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<p>What are the monomers of carbohydrates?</p>

What are the monomers of carbohydrates?

monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, and galactose

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<p>What are examples of carbohydrates?</p>

What are examples of carbohydrates?

Sugar, starch, cellulose

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<p>What are the functions of carbohydrates?</p>

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

Short-term energy

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What are lipids composed of?

Carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen

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<p>What are the monomers of lipids?</p>

What are the monomers of lipids?

Glycerol and Fatty Acids

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<p>What are examples of lipids?</p>

What are examples of lipids?

Oil, wax, glyceride

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<p>What are the functions of lipids?</p>

What are the functions of lipids?

Insulation, long term energy

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What are proteins composed of?

Nitrogen, sulfur, hydrogen, oxygen, carbon

<p>Nitrogen, sulfur, hydrogen, oxygen, carbon</p>
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<p>What are the monomers of proteins?</p>

What are the monomers of proteins?

Amino acids

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<p>What are examples of proteins?</p>

What are examples of proteins?

Enzymes, hormones

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<p>What are the functions of proteins?</p>

What are the functions of proteins?

Control rate of reactions and regulates cell processes, transports substances in and out of cells

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<p>What are nucleic acids composed of?</p>

What are nucleic acids composed of?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphates

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<p>What are the monomers of nucleic acids?</p>

What are the monomers of nucleic acids?

Nucleotides

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<p>What are examples of nucleic acids?</p>

What are examples of nucleic acids?

DNA and RNA

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<p>What are the functions of nucleic acids?</p>

What are the functions of nucleic acids?

Store and transfer genetic and hereditary information

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Nucleus

Contains genetic material (DNA) and controls cellular processes

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Ribosome

Responsible for manufacturing proteins

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

Location of protein and liquid synthesis, located near the nucleus

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Golgi Apparatus

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for transport within and outside of the cell

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Lysosomes

Contains digestive enzymes to breakdown waste materials within the cell

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Vacuoles

Stores materials and water

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Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, produces ATP through cellular respiration

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Chloroplasts

Where photosynthesis takes place

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Cell Membrane

Regulates the passage of substances in and out of the cell

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Cell Wall

Rigid structure that is outside of the cell membrane that protects and provides structural support to the cell

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Cytoplasm

Watery fluid inside of the cell membrane that contains organelles and other materials necessary for cellular functions

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Prokaryotes

No nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles, and simple compared to eukaryotic cells

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Eukaryotes

Has a nucleus, has membrane-bound organelles, and more complex compared to prokaryotic cells

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Cell Concepts

  1. Membranes are fluid and flexible

  2. Membranes can self-repair

  3. Eukaryotic cells feature membrane bound organelles

  4. Membrane proteins perform special functions

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Plant Cell

Cell Wall, cytoplasm, cell membrane, chloroplasts, golgi Apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, mitochondria, vacuole, ribosome

ccccgenmvr

<p>Cell Wall, cytoplasm, cell membrane, chloroplasts, golgi Apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, mitochondria, vacuole, ribosome</p><p>ccccgenmvr</p>
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Animal Cell

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, lysosomes, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, golgi apparatus, nucleus

cclmergn

<p>Cell membrane, cytoplasm, lysosomes, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, golgi apparatus, nucleus</p><p>cclmergn</p>
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Passive Transport

Requires no energy, substances move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

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Diffusion

Molecules move directly through the lipid bilayer of the membrane

Ex: the smell of hand lotion travelling

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Facilitated Diffusion

Molecules move across the membrane using protein channels

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Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane, moves through aquaporins, goal is equilibrium

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Active Transport

Requires energy, moves from low to high concentration, uses protein pumps

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Exocytosis

Process used to move substances out of the cell

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Endocytosis

Process where the cell takes in materials from the outside environment

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Vesicle

Contain the substances that are being moved in endocytosis and exocytosis

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Cell Theory

  1. All living organisms are made from cells

  2. Cell are the basic unit of life

  3. All cells come from other cells

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Protein Pumps

Helps move molecules across the membrane across the concentration gradient

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Hypotonic

When comparing two solutions, the solution with the lower amount of solute in the cell. Cells swell, then lead to potential bursting

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Hypertonic

When comparing two solutions, the solution with the higher amount of solute in the cell. Cells shrink

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Isotonic

A solution that has the same concentration of solutes as another solution, water can move in and out of cells at the same rate

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What is true about solutions?

Water will always move from a hypotonic solution to a hypertonic solution

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Cytolysis

When a cell swells and bursts due to too much water in a hypotonic solution. Can be prevented by the cell wall (in plant cells) by providing structural support

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Plasmolysis

Occurs when a plant cell loses water and shrinks away from its cell wall due to being placed in a hypertonic solution

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Pigments

Light-absorbing compounds

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Chloroplasts

Organelle where photosynthesis takes place

<p>Organelle where photosynthesis takes place</p>
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Electron Carriers

A compound that can accept a pair of high energy electrons and transfer them a long with most of their energy.

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Photosynthesis Chemical Equation (symbols)

6CO2 + 6H20 → C6H12O6 + 6O2

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Photosynthesis Chemical Equation (words)

Carbon dioxide + water + light energy → glucose + oxygen

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Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide (low energy reactants) into high energy oxygen and glucose (products)

<p>Photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide (low energy reactants) into high energy oxygen and glucose (products)</p>
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Light Dependent Reactions

Occur in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts

Inputs: H20, Light, ADP, NADP+

Outputs: O2, ATP, NADPH

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Light Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)

Occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast

Inputs: CO2, ATP, NADPH

Outputs: Glucose (C6H12O6), ADP, NADP+

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Cellular Respiration

A process of energy conversion that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen

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Cellular Respiration Chemical Equation (symbols)

6O2 + C6H12O6 → 6CO2 + 6H20 + ATP

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Cellular Respiration Chemical Equation (words)

Oxygen + Glucose → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy

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Where does glycolysis occur?

Cytoplasm

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What are the inputs of glycolysis?

2 ATP, 1 Glucose, NAD+, ADP