APUSH pt 1

Christopher Columbus

Italian sailor sponsored by the Spanish court of Ferdinand and Isabella to find new wealth in Asian markets by sailing west. Landed in the Caribbean, leading to European exploration and colonization of the New World.

Columbian Exchange

The transfer of plants, animals, people, and diseases between the East (Europe) and West (Americas). Europeans brought diseases like smallpox, which decimated native populations.

Encomienda System

A colonial labor system where the Spanish enslaved native people to farm and mine in the Americas. Led to the import of enslaved Africans due to native escapes and deaths.

Casta System

A social hierarchy in Spanish America based on racial ancestry.

French and Dutch Colonial Goals

Focused on economic goals, primarily establishing fur trade centers. The Dutch, unlike the Spanish, did not focus on converting natives to Christianity. New Amsterdam became a key trading hub.

Jamestown

First permanent British colonial settlement in North America, funded by joint-stock companies. Initially struggled with disease and famine but thrived due to John Rolfe's tobacco cultivation.

Indentured Servitude

A labor system where individuals who couldn't afford passage to the New World signed contracts to work for a set number of years (e.g., seven) in exchange for their travel expenses.

British-Native American Tensions

Increased demand for land due to tobacco cultivation led to British settlers taking land from native populations, causing retaliation and raids. Bacon's Rebellion was a result of these tensions and the government's refusal to protect settlers.

Bacon's Rebellion

An uprising led by Nathaniel Bacon involving poor farmers and indentured servants against Native Americans and Governor William Berkeley due to land disputes and lack of protection. Led to increased reliance on African slavery.

Pennsylvania

Founded by William Penn, a Quaker, emphasizing religious freedom and fair treatment of Native Americans. Featured a more democratic government.

Mayflower Compact

An agreement signed by Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower, establishing a self-governing structure based on church congregation models.

House of Burgesses

A representative assembly in Virginia that could levy taxes and pass laws, dominated by the wealthy class.

Triangular Trade

A three-part trade route involving merchant ships traveling between the Americas, Europe, and Africa.

Middle Passage

The stage of the Atlantic slave trade where enslaved Africans were transported to the Americas under brutal conditions.

Mercantilism

An economic theory emphasizing a fixed amount of wealth (gold and silver) in the world, with each state aiming to maximize its share through more exports than imports.

Navigation Acts

British laws requiring merchants to trade with English colonies using English-owned ships, with certain goods passing through British ports.

French and Indian War (Seven Years' War)

The Albany Congress (1754) during which Benjamin Franklin proposes Albany Plan of Union. Britain’s victory led to the French being ousted from North America and British doubling of land holdings.

Royal Proclamation of 1763

Forbade colonists from taking land in the Ohio River Valley to prevent conflicts with Native Americans.

Taxation Without Representation

British taxation of the colonies to pay for the French and Indian War without colonial representation in Parliament. Colonists were against this.

Salutary Neglect

The colonists believed they managed their own affairs without much involvement of from parliament.

Quartering Act

Required American colonies to house and feed British troops.

Stamp Act

Tax on all paper items in the colonies.

Townshend Acts

Taxes on items imported to the colonies, like paper, glass, and tea.

Boston Tea Party

A protest against the Tea Act, leading to the passage of the Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts) by the British.

Continental Congress

Agreed that the colonies to obey taxes and laws.

Declaration of Independence

Document penned by Thomas Jefferson, declaring the colonies' independence from Britain, influenced by Enlightenment ideals.

Battle of Saratoga

Turning point in the American Revolution that convinced France to ally with the Americans.

Battle of Yorktown

British army surrendered and their defeat led to their surrender.

Articles of Confederation

The first constitution of the U.S. Shay's Rebellion showed its weaknesses and was quickly stopped by the milita but also scared the elites.

Constitutional Convention

Called to revise the Articles but resulted in an entirely new constitution. The Great Compromise and Three-Fifths Compromise were reached.

Federalists

Supported a stronger central government. wrote essays to convince the American public to the purpose of the constitution, the federalist papers. Prominent Federalists included John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and George Washington.

Antifederalists

Opposed the Constitution, fearing a powerful federal government. Opposed it saying it lacked a bill of rights.

Bill Of Rights

Federalist's agreed to add a Bill of Rights if the, like, Constitution would be ratified. Safeguards individual liberties and protects against federal overreach.

Alexander Hamilton's Financial Plan

Focused on federal assumption of state debts, creation of a national bank, and promotion of manufacturing.

Washington's Farewell Address

Advocated for neutrality in foreign affairs and warned against political parties.

Whiskey Rebellion

Protest against a tax on whiskey, suppressed by Washington, demonstrating federal authority.

Louisiana Purchase

Acquisition of the Louisiana Territory from France under Jefferson, despite it contradicting his anti-federalist beliefs.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

Exploration of the Louisiana Territory.

Marbury v. Madison

Established judicial review, giving the Supreme Court the power to declare laws unconstitutional.

War of 1812

Fought between the U.S. and Britain due to maritime disputes and British incitement of Native American conflicts. Led to rising nationalism and the demise of the Federalist Party.

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, maintaining the balance in the Senate. Established the 36°30' line, prohibiting slavery north of it (except in Missouri).

Monroe Doctrine

Declared the Western Hemisphere as the U.S. sphere of influence, warning European powers against further colonization.

Market Revolution

The Market Revolution linked Northern industries and southern and western farmers. It Linked Northern industries and Southern and Western Farmers, spurred by advancements in agriculture, industry, communication, and transportation.

Election of 1824

Andrew Jackson win popular vote. So many that no one won the majority of the vote. So house of representatives got to pick the President.

Tariff of Abominations (1828)

Raised import duties, benefiting the North but angering the South, who relied on imported goods.

Nullification Crisis

South Carolina threatened to secede over the Tariff of Abominations. Jackson passed the Force Bill, asserting federal authority.

Andrew Jackson (National Banks)

Jackson vetoed the recharter of the Second Bank of the United States, viewing it as a tool of the elite.

Indian Removal Act

Forced resettlement of Native American tribes west of the Mississippi River, resulting in the Trail of Tears.

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival movement emphasizing personal salvation and social reform.

Seneca Falls Convention

First women's rights convention in America, advocating for equality, voting rights, and education.

Nat Turner's Rebellion

A slave revolt in Virginia, leading to stricter slave codes and increased fear of uprisings.

Manifest Destiny

A belief that the U.S. was destined to expand across the North American continent.

Homestead Act

Facilitated movement into the West and offered more land to folks who settled there and lived there for five years.

Reservation System

Federal government that Indians were assigned strips of land called reservations.

Ghost Dance Movement

Native American religious movement aimed at revitalizing traditional culture and resisting U.S. expansion. There was a Killing over, like, 200,000 native people at the Battle of Wounded Knees.

Dawes Act

Broke up tribal organizations. Divided tribal land into plots and said they could have US citizenship if they lived there and integrated in US culture.