2.8c & 2.8d - Intelligence and Achievement: Stability of, and Influences on, Intelligence & Group Differences and the Question of Bias

cross-sectional study

research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time

longitudinal study

research that follows and retests the same people over time

cohort

a group of people sharing a common characteristic, such as being from a given time period

growth mindset

focus on learning and growing rather than viewing abilities as fixed

fixed mindset

view that intelligence, abilities, and talents are unchangeable, even with effort

!!! age
⬇recall memory, processing speed
⬆knowledge, vocab

longitudinal vs. cross-sectional suggests intelligence over time..

L: is stable after 11 y.o.
C-S: declines with age over time

stereotype threat
+opposite

a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
ex) think that as a woman/person of color you will do worse (stereotype) → then perform worse (reminded of stereotype!)

stereotype lift - confident your group does ‘well’ because of a positive stereotype

!!! Group differences from environmental differences !!!