Module 2 : Electrical Conductors and Insulators

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84 Terms

1

Electrical Conductors

Substances with high conductivity, which have very mobile electrons, are called conductors.

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2

Insulators

Substances with low conductivity are called insulators.

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3

Silver

A metal commonly used as an electrical conductor.

<p>A metal commonly used as an electrical conductor.</p>
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4

Copper

A metal commonly used as an electrical conductor.

<p>A metal commonly used as an electrical conductor.</p>
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5

Zinc

A metal commonly used as an electrical conductor.

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6

Aluminum

A metal commonly used as an electrical conductor.

<p>A metal commonly used as an electrical conductor.</p>
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7

Nickel

A metal commonly used as an electrical conductor.

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8

Brass

A metal commonly used as an electrical conductor.

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9

Platinum

A metal commonly used as an electrical conductor.

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10

Iron

A metal commonly used as an electrical conductor.

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11

Tin

A metal commonly used as an electrical conductor.

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12

Lead

A metal commonly used as an electrical conductor.

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13

Class A Insulation

Consists of cotton, silk, paper and materials of paper composition impregnated or immersed in an insulating filler, phenolic resin, or similar resins.

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14

Class B Insulation

Consists of mica, asbestos, or fiberglass; all with a binder.

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15

Class C Insulation

Consists entirely of mica, porcelain, glass, quartz, or similar materials.

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16

Class O Insulation

Consists of cotton, silk, paper, or similar materials that are not impregnated or immersed in an insulating liquid.

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17

Bare Conductor

A conductor having no covering or insulation.

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18

Covered Conductor

Encased within a material of composition and thickness not recognized by code.

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19

Insulated Conductor

Encased within a material of composition and thickness recognized by code.

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20

AWG

American Wire Gauge, preceded by a number which indicates the size of the wire.

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21

MCM

Thousand Circular Mil, M being the Roman numeral for thousand.

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22

Solid Wire

Also known as solid-core or single-strand wire, consists of a one piece of wire on its entire cross section.

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23

Stranded Wire

Wire that consists of multiple strands twisted together, providing more flexibility than solid wire.

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24

Flexibility of Solid Wire

Solid wire has less flexibility than stranded wire.

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25

Historical Note on Wire

The use of wire can be traced as far back as 3,000 B.C., when metal was hammered into sheets, then cut into strips.

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26

Wire Drawing Process

A method characterized by having metal drawn into a series of holes on a drawplate or dies of varying diameters.

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27

Ichabod Crane

An American who introduced the use of a waterwheel as a manufacturing process for wire drawing in 1831.

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28

Stranded Wire

Consists of a group of wires twisted to form metallic.

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29

Insulating Materials

Examples include Rubber, Porcelain, Varnish, Slate, Glass, Mica, Latex, Asbestos, Thermoplastic, Oil, Wax, Dry air, Paper, Silk, and Wood.

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30

Conductors

Materials that allow the flow of electric current, such as Silver, Copper, Aluminum, and Brass.

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31

Insulators

Materials that resist the flow of electric current, such as Rubber, Porcelain, and Slate.

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32

Cables

Electrical conductors larger than wires, typically consisting of two or more wires assembled in a single jacket.

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33

AWG

American Wire Gauge, a U.S. standard set of non-ferrous wire conductor sizes where 'gauge' means the diameter.

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34

Busbar

A rigid electric conductor, usually a metal bar, hollow tube, or rod, which forms a connection between electric circuits.

<p>A rigid electric conductor, usually a metal bar, hollow tube, or rod, which forms a connection between electric circuits.</p>
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35

Properties of Copper

Ductile, malleable, and an excellent conductor of heat and energy; harder than zinc and softer than iron.

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36

Properties of Aluminum

Produced by the formation of many metals, such as feldspar, mica, alum, cryolite, clay, and bauxite.

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37

Resistance Calculation

The resistance of a conductor can be calculated using its resistivity, length, and cross-sectional area.

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38

Circular Mil Area

The total circular mil area is found by multiplying the circular mil area of each strand by the total number of strands.

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39

Number 6 AWG

A size designation for cables, indicating a specific diameter and current-carrying capacity.

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40

Number 10 AWG

A wire size with a diameter of 2.59 mm.

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41

Diameter in CM

The diameter of a wire can be determined in Circular Mils (CM) based on its cross-sectional area.

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42

Cross-sectional Area

The area of a wire's cross-section, which affects its resistance and current-carrying capacity.

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43

Length Reduction

The actual length of a cable may be reduced by 5% of its original length due to twisting of the strands during installation.

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44

Resistance of Copper Conductor

Determined by its resistivity rating and physical dimensions.

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45

Cable Size Designation

Cables are designated by their AWG size, with larger sizes indicating larger diameters.

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46

Electrical Conductors

Wires are electrical conductors which are 8 mm2 (No. 8 AWG) or smaller.

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47

Good Conductors

Materials like Silver and Copper that have high conductivity.

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48

Fair Conductors

Materials like Charcoal and Coke that have moderate conductivity.

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49

Partial Insulators

Materials like Dry Paper and Cotton that have limited insulating properties.

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50

Living Substances

Materials such as Vegetable Substances that can act as insulators.

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51

Moist Earth

Can act as a conductor under certain conditions.

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52

Seawater

A good conductor due to its salt content.

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53

Saline Solutions

Conductive solutions due to dissolved salts.

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54

Graphite

A form of carbon that acts as a conductor.

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55

Lignum Vitae

A dense wood that can act as an insulator.

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56

Ebonite

A hard rubber that is a good insulator.

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57

Circular Mil (CM)

Unit of measuring cross-section size in American Wire Gauge (AWG).

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58

Mil

One-thousandth of an inch (0.001 in.).

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59

Area in CM

Calculated as (diameter in mils)².

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60

Conversion Factor for Square Mil

Square mil = square inch x 0.000001.

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61

Conversion Factor for Square Inch

Square inch = square mil x 1,000,000.

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62

Conversion Factor for Circular Mil

Circular mil = square mils x 1,273.

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63

Millimeter Conversion

Millimeter = inches x 25.4.

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64

Square mm Conversion

Square mm = circular mils x 0.0005067.

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65

Square Mil

The area of a square having its side equal to 1 mil.

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66

Square Mil (SM)

Calculated as 0.7854 x Circular Mils.

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67

Properties of Conductors

Includes characteristics such as size, area, and allowable ampacities.

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68

Allowable Ampacities of Insulated Copper Conductors

Varies based on size and temperature ratings.

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69

Minimum Size of Conductors based on Voltage Rating

Specifies minimum conductor sizes for different voltage ratings.

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70

Moisture-Resistant Thermoplastic

Used in locations that require moisture resistance.

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71

Heat-Resistant Rubber

Rubber that can withstand high temperatures, typically rated at 75°C.

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72

Dry Locations

Areas where moisture is not a concern for electrical installations.

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73

Wet Locations

Areas where moisture may be present and special considerations are needed for electrical installations.

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74

Thermoplastic

A type of plastic that becomes moldable upon heating and solidifies upon cooling.

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75

Varnished Cambric

A type of insulation material used in electrical wiring.

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76

Mineral Insulation (Metal-Sheathed)

Insulation that provides protection against heat and moisture.

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77

Asbestos

A material historically used for insulation but now largely phased out due to health risks.

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78

Cross-Linked Polyethylene

A type of plastic used for insulation that offers enhanced thermal and chemical resistance.

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79

Number of Wires in a Conduit

Determined by the size of the wire and the conduit used.

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80

Insulated Conductor

A conductor that is covered with a non-conductive material to prevent electrical leakage.

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81

Electrical Resistance

The opposition to the flow of electric current, which increases with thinner wires.

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82

Gauge Number

Indicates the diameter of the wire; a higher gauge number means a smaller diameter.

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83

Ampacity

The maximum amount of electric current a conductor or device can carry before sustaining immediate or progressive deterioration.

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84

Diameter in Mils

The measurement of the wire's diameter in mils, where 1 mil = 0.001 inches.

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