western civ (we are COOKED)

Secular clergy

Priests who lived among the people (parishes), not in monasteries.

Regular clergy

Monks/nuns living under a religious rule (like the Benedictine Rule).

Anglo-Saxons

Germanic peoples who settled in England after Rome fell.

Asceticism

Self-denial and strict lifestyle for spiritual purposes.

Battle of Tours/Poitiers

732 battle where Charles Martel stopped Muslim expansion into Europe.

Benedictine Rule

Guidelines for monastic life: prayer, work, discipline.

Carolingian Renaissance

Revival of learning under Charlemagne.

Castles

Fortified homes of nobles; centers of feudal power.

Charlemagne

King of the Franks; crowned emperor in 800; unified much of Western Europe.

Chivalry

Code of conduct for knights (honor, loyalty, Christianity).

Christendom

The Christian world/community in medieval Europe.

Donation of Pippin

Land given to the pope; foundation of Papal States.

Feudal politics

System based on lords, vassals, and land (fiefs).

Frankish-Papal Alliance

Partnership between Frankish rulers and the papacy.

Franks

Germanic tribe that formed the basis of France.

Germanization

Spread of Germanic culture in former Roman lands.

Gregory I the Great

Pope who strengthened papal authority and missionary work.

Knights

Armored warriors serving lords in feudal society.

Monasticism

Religious life in monasteries focused on prayer and work.

Papal States

Territories in central Italy ruled by the pope.

Peace of God

Church effort to limit violence in feudal society.

Pippin the Short

Frankish king who allied with the pope.

Pope/Papacy

Head of the Roman Catholic Church.

Vikings

Scandinavian raiders, traders, and settlers.

Apostolic poverty

Ideal of living like Jesus in poverty.

Avignon Papacy

Period when popes lived in Avignon instead of Rome.

Black Death

Plague that killed ~1/3 of Europe (1347–1351).

Bourgeoisie

Middle class (merchants, artisans).

Canon law

Law of the Church.

Council of Constance

Ended the Great Schism; restored one pope.

Crusades

Religious wars to reclaim the Holy Land.

Estates-General

French representative assembly.

Francis of Assisi

Founder of Franciscans; emphasized poverty and humility.

Gothic

Architectural style (pointed arches, stained glass).

Great Western Schism

Period with multiple rival popes.

Greek Orthodox Christianity

Eastern Christian Church centered in Constantinople.

Holy Roman Empire

Loose political entity in central Europe.

Industrialization

Shift toward mechanized production (late medieval roots begin).

Inquisition

Church courts to combat heresy.

Investiture Struggle

Conflict over who appoints church officials.

Just war theory

Idea that war can be morally justified under conditions.

Magna Carta

1215 document limiting English king’s power.

Norman Conquest

1066 conquest of England by William.

Peter Abelard

Scholar who used logic to explore theology.

Philip II “Augustus”

Strengthened French monarchy.

Pope Gregory VII

Key figure in Investiture Controversy.

Scholasticism

Method using reason to understand faith.

Simony

Selling church offices.

Thomas Aquinas

Theologian who combined faith and reason.

Universities

Centers of higher learning in medieval Europe.

William the Conqueror

Norman ruler who became king of England.

Anabaptism

Radical Protestant group; adult baptism only.

Anglicanism

Church of England.

Bartolomé de Las Casas

Critic of Spanish treatment of Native Americans.

Calvinism

Protestant belief in predestination.

Capitalism

Economic system based on private ownership and profit.

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor during Reformation.

Christian humanism

Focus on reforming Christianity through education.

Christopher Columbus

Explorer who reached the Americas (1492).

Conquistadors

Spanish conquerors in the Americas.

Council of Trent

Catholic reform council (Counter-Reformation).

Diet of Worms

Meeting where Martin Luther refused to recant.

Edict of Nantes

Granted religious tolerance in France.

Elizabeth I

English queen; strengthened Anglican Church.

English Reformation

England’s break from the Catholic Church.

Erasmus

Christian humanist scholar.

Henry VIII

King who founded Church of England.

Hundred Years’ War

Long conflict between England and France.

Indulgences

Payments for reduction of punishment for sins.

Jesuits

Catholic missionary and educational order.

Joan of Arc

Led French forces; helped turn Hundred Years’ War.

John Calvin

Protestant reformer; Geneva leader.

Longbow

Powerful English weapon in Hundred Years’ War.

Lutheranism

Protestant branch from Martin Luther.

Martin Luther

Started Protestant Reformation.

Medici family

Powerful banking family in Florence.

Mercantilism

Economic policy focused on accumulating wealth.

Ninety-Five Theses

Luther’s critique of indulgences.

Peace of Westphalia

Ended Thirty Years’ War; state sovereignty.

Philip II of Spain

Catholic monarch; fought Protestantism.

Printing press

Spread ideas quickly (Gutenberg).

Protestantism

Christian movement rejecting papal authority.

Reformation

Religious movement to reform the Church.

Renaissance

Revival of classical learning and art.

Roman Catholicism

Christian church led by the pope.

Spanish Armada

Failed Spanish invasion of England.

Spanish Inquisition

Religious court enforcing Catholic orthodoxy.

Thirty Years’ War

Major European religious conflict.

Trans-Atlantic slave trade

Forced movement of Africans to Americas.

Treaty of Augsburg

Allowed rulers to choose religion.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Divided New World between Spain/Portugal.

Vasco da Gama

Found sea route to India.

William Shakespeare

English playwright and poet.

Absolute monarchy

King has total power.

Agnosticism

Belief that existence of God is unknown.

American Revolution

Colonies gained independence from Britain.

Ancien Régime

Old social/political system in France.

Atheism

Belief that there is no God.

Battle of Waterloo

Napoleon’s final defeat.

Committee of Public Safety

Led Reign of Terror.