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What is Persistent Depressive Disorder?
Depressed mood most of the day, for more days than not for the past two years.
What is Major Depressive Disorder?
Persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest in activities causing significant impairment in daily life.
What areas of the brain have increased activity for depressed individuals?
Increased activity in PFC during cognitive tasks, Increased activity in the amygdala during emotional tasks
What areas of the brain have decreased activity for depressed individuals?
Hippocampus, Ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens), Anterior cingulate cortex
Reward positivity
how your brain responds to some kind of win/gain
What is decreased reward positivity associated with?
Impaired mood reactivity, decreased nucleus accumbens activity, and anhedonia
What neurochemicals are dysregulated in depression?
Serotonin, Dopamine, Norepinephrine, GABA, Glutamate, and Acetylcholine
Monoamine Theory of Depression
Underactivity of serotonin and norepinephrine
Neuroplasticity Theory of Depression
Depression results from a decrease in neuroplastic processes in amygdala, PFC, and hippocampus
What are neurotrophins?
Proteins that help us create new brain cells and keep them healthy
What is adult neurogenesis?
Creation of new neurons
What is bipolar disorder?
A brain disorder that affects a persons mood, energy and their ability to function
Bipolar I has:
manic and depressive episodes
Bipolar II has:
hypomanic and depressive episodes
What are SSRIs?
Medications that block the reuptake of serotonin
What are SNRIs?
Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
What are tricyclics?
Medications that prevent reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine
What’s the difference between SNRIs and tricyclics?
Their chemical structure
What are MAOI’s?
Medications that block breakdown of monoamines inside terminal
What is Wellbutrin?
Medication that blocks reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine, but not serotonin
What is St. John’s Wort?
Medication that enhances serotonin transmission and effects glutamate receptors
What is ketamine?
Antagonist for NMDA receptor, used for treatment resistant depression
What drug is most effective for mania?
Lithium
What is carbamazepine?
Medication that makes neurons less excitable by stabilizing sodium channels
What is anxiety?
A normal response to stress and can be beneficial: helps us prepare for situation and pay attention
What is an anxiety disorder?
An excess of fear or anxiety
How are the amygdala and the vPFC effected in anxiety disorders?
Decreases ability of vPFC to inhibit amygdala activation, leaving person fearful longer
What brain activity is increased with an anxiety disorder?
Insula
What brain activity is decreased with an anxiety disorder?
cingulate cortex
What are benzodiazepines?
An agonist that targets GABA-A receptors in the amygdala
Twin studies reveal what about mood disorders?
Genetic risk seems to involve the ability to regulate mood generally, but not a specific disorder.
What is the diathesis stress model?
The interaction between genetic predisposition (s/l) and environmental effects can lead to the development of anxiety