Mood and Anxiety Disorders

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32 Terms

1

What is Persistent Depressive Disorder?

Depressed mood most of the day, for more days than not for the past two years.

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2

What is Major Depressive Disorder?

Persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest in activities causing significant impairment in daily life.

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3

What areas of the brain have increased activity for depressed individuals?

Increased activity in PFC during cognitive tasks, Increased activity in the amygdala during emotional tasks

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4

What areas of the brain have decreased activity for depressed individuals?

Hippocampus, Ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens), Anterior cingulate cortex

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5

Reward positivity

how your brain responds to some kind of win/gain

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6

What is decreased reward positivity associated with?

Impaired mood reactivity, decreased nucleus accumbens activity, and anhedonia

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7

What neurochemicals are dysregulated in depression?

Serotonin, Dopamine, Norepinephrine, GABA, Glutamate, and Acetylcholine

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8

Monoamine Theory of Depression

Underactivity of serotonin and norepinephrine

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9

Neuroplasticity Theory of Depression

Depression results from a decrease in neuroplastic processes in amygdala, PFC, and hippocampus

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10

What are neurotrophins?

Proteins that help us create new brain cells and keep them healthy

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11

What is adult neurogenesis?

Creation of new neurons

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12

What is bipolar disorder?

A brain disorder that affects a persons mood, energy and their ability to function

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13

Bipolar I has:

manic and depressive episodes

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14

Bipolar II has:

hypomanic and depressive episodes

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15

What are SSRIs?

Medications that block the reuptake of serotonin

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16

What are SNRIs?

Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors

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17

What are tricyclics?

Medications that prevent reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine

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18

What’s the difference between SNRIs and tricyclics?

Their chemical structure

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19

What are MAOI’s?

Medications that block breakdown of monoamines inside terminal

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20

What is Wellbutrin?

Medication that blocks reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine, but not serotonin

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21

What is St. John’s Wort?

Medication that enhances serotonin transmission and effects glutamate receptors

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22

What is ketamine?

Antagonist for NMDA receptor, used for treatment resistant depression

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23

What drug is most effective for mania?

Lithium

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24

What is carbamazepine?

Medication that makes neurons less excitable by stabilizing sodium channels

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25

What is anxiety?

A normal response to stress and can be beneficial: helps us prepare for situation and pay attention

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26

What is an anxiety disorder?

An excess of fear or anxiety

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27

How are the amygdala and the vPFC effected in anxiety disorders?

Decreases ability of vPFC to inhibit amygdala activation, leaving person fearful longer

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28

What brain activity is increased with an anxiety disorder?

Insula

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29

What brain activity is decreased with an anxiety disorder?

cingulate cortex

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30

What are benzodiazepines?

An agonist that targets GABA-A receptors in the amygdala

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31

Twin studies reveal what about mood disorders?

Genetic risk seems to involve the ability to regulate mood generally, but not a specific disorder.

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32

What is the diathesis stress model?

The interaction between genetic predisposition (s/l) and environmental effects can lead to the development of anxiety

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