PHMY 671 Compounding Lab Final

What type of balance is a class 3 balance, has 2 pans that balance against each other, and functions like a see saw?

two pan torsion-style

The _____ _____ balance has a digital display with one weigh pan and generally has a larger capacity range than the torsion balance.

electronic prescription

A _____ graduate is the preferred in pharmaceutical compounding because they are more accurate and they are preferred for less viscous liquids.

cylindrical

In a cylindrical graduate, volumes below _____% of the capacity of the graduate should be avoided.

20

A _____ graduate is preferred for more viscous liquids.

conical

______ are used to measure and transfer liquids.

graduates

Use the ______ graduate that will hold the volume to be measured

smallest

When measuring, the graduate should be held at __________ level, and the volume should be read at the bottom of the ____.

eye; meniscus

Least amount weighable equation

(sensitivity req. x 100%)/Accepted error

% error equation

(theoretical -experiment)/theoretical x 100%

(absolute value)

What is the accepted standard of error in pharmacy?

+- 5%

What are some reasons for compounding capsules?

-without pork/animals products

-hypromellose

-vegan gelatin alternative

-extended release

-lactose intolerant

-dye-free

- vet compounding

-drug shortage

In terms of capsules, the smaller the number the _______ the capsule.

bigger

____ ____ is when you take a small amount of the drug and mix it with a little bit of the filler powder.

geometric dilution

Geometric dilution uses the ________ method to ensure the complete mixing of the powders

figure 8

What is the method of hand filling capsules?

Evenly mix all the powder, block off, open capsule and punch and twist the open end of the capsule into the powder

What is the best method of hand splitting a tablet?

Place fingers on each side of the score and press down

What is the piece of equipment that is used to mix powers and ointments?

ointment slab

What is the most accurate and effective method for tablet splitting?

pill-splitter

What are the 2 major types of solutions?

aqueous and hydroalcoholic

What are some examples of aqueous solutions?

syrups and aromatic waters

What are some examples of hydroalcoholic solutions?

Elixirs, spirits, extracts, and tinctures

What are some advantages to solutions?

-immediate onset of action

-good alternative to tabs and capsules

-easy to administer

-flavor can be masked

-used topically or orally

What are some disadvantages to solutions?

-Some drugs not soluble in solution

-some drugs have tastes difficult to mask

-some drugs are less stable in solutions

-room for error when measuring doses

-patient counseling is imperative

Cinnamon masks ____ drugs, chocolate masks _____ and citrus masks _____.

salty; bitter; sour

A _____ is a method of measuring ingredients below the sensitivity of a balance by proportional dilution with inactive ingredients

aliquot

When using the aliquot method, what 2 factors play into how much of the active ingredient is used?

-equal to or more than LAW

-easily devised by amount your diluting it with

What are some advantages of suspensions?

-some dugs are not soluble in therapeutically acceptable solvent

-good alternative to tabs and caps

-drug taste can be masked

-suspension form is more stable than solution

-good for systemic and local therapeutic effects

What are some disadvantages of suspensions?

-physical instability

-unpleasant texture

All suspensions have to be _____ before each use to suspend the particles.

shaken

Can suspensions be used topically?

yes

_______ is the process of reducing the size of a particle by grinding, usually with a mortar and pestle.

trituration

________ is grinding a fine powder into a moist condition, like adding a liquid to your triturated powder to form a paste.

levigation

A _____ is a fine dispersion of minute droplets of one liquid in another in which it is not soluble or miscible.

emulsion

What are some examples of emulsions?

milk of magnesia and lava lamp

What are the 4 components that emulsions contain?

oleaginous component, aqueous component, emulsifying agent, and energy

What are examples of oleaginous agents used in emulsions?

mineral oil, cocoa butter, corn oil, linseed oil, etc.

In emulsions, the emulsifying agent is used to reduce ____ ___ between oil and water.

interfacial tension

What are examples of emulsifying agents?

acacia, pectin, agar, bentonite, egg yolk, and gelatin

What are the 3 type of energy components that could be used in emulsions?

blender, trituration, and shaking

In the wet gum method, ____ parts acacia and ____ parts water are triturated and then _____ parts oil are added later.

1:2:3

In the wet gum method, is the oil added before or after the water?

after

When completely triturated, the primary emulsion will make a ____ sound.

crackling

In the dry gum method, is the oil or water added in first?

oil

Span and Tween are examples of _________.

emulsifiers

In the dilution test, a portion of the formulation is diluted with an equal portion of _____

water

In the dilution test, if the test forms a stable, diluted emulsion, then it is ______ and if it separates into layers, it is a _______ emulsion.

o/w ; w/o

During the dye test, if the color uniformly disperses, it is _______ and if it is a globular distribution then it is a _____ emulsion.

o/w ; w/o

In the dye test, a _____ soluble dye is added to the sample

water

In the drop test, a drop of the preparation is placed on the _______ of water.

surface

In the drop test, if the drop spreads out, it is ________, and if the drop stays as a drop it is probably ____.

o/w; w/o

In the filter paper test, if the drop spreads rapidly, it is _______, because the water spreads more rapidly on then paper than oil does.

o/w

What are some advantages of ointments?

-avoids GI absorption and 1st pass metabolism

-minimal drug and food interactions

-good alternative to PO administration

-provides protective properties

What are some disadvantages to ointments?

-not for systemic use

-contact dermatitis

-unpleasant texture

-can be easily contaminated

When making hydrophilic ointment base the _______ is added to the ____ ____ base.

petrolatum; anhydrous ointment

What is the indication of sulfur ointment?

itching, acne, and scabies

When making sulfur ointment, the methanol crystals are triturated in a _______ mortar.

glass

When menthol and camphor get added together, the melting point of the combination is less than the melting point of each individual component, this is called a ______ _____.

eutectic mixture

Sulfur ointment has a ____ stability

6 month

What is the indication of iodine ointment?

antiseptic (often used in surgical preparations)

When making the iodine ointment, geometric dilution and ______ is used to mix then hydrophilic base and iodine into each other

spatulation

What are some reasons for compounding creams and lotions?

-avoid GI tract

-direct application to affected area

-can be used to hydrate or protect

-can be applied without affecting or clogging pores

Every ____ days, the stratum corneum sheds off.

21

The skin can absorb ____ times its weight in water.

five

In creams a ____ _____ is needed to help the drug get past the protective layer of the skin.

penetration enhancer

______ acts as a penetration enhancer for the skin and _____ ____ is a penetration enhancer for the nail bed.

urea; dimethyl sulfide

Lotions are often used for their ____ effect.

lubricating

Can lotions be suspensions, emulsions, or both?

both

Creams can either be an ____ or ____.

emulsion or emollient

An emollient is used for _____ and ____ the skin.

hydrating and softening

Vanishing cream is a ________ mixture that is used as a skin moisturizer and protectant

oil in water

_______ cream is not as greasy as ointment and is completely absorbed in 30 sec.

vanishing

When compounding vanishing cream, the ______ has to be added to the _________ with rapid stirring.

water; alcohols

(WATER THE PLANTS)

Lotions have a ______ viscosity and are therefore more liquid like.

low

What are some advantages to suppositories?

-no taste limitations

-avoids 1st pass metabolism

-avoids gastric enzymes in stomach

-good for children, elderly or disable patients

What are some disadvantages to suppositories?

-defecation could interrupt absorption

-inconvenient and uncomfortable

-suppository leakage

-temperature can affect stability

Progesterone is a _____ substance.

hazardous

What is the indication of vaginal progesterone suppositories?

used to prevent miscarriages in women who are in first trimester and are prone to miscarriages

Why is a polyethylene glycol base used In progesterone suppositories?

slow release

Progesterone suppositories support the _____ to make it richer.

endometrium

What are some counseling points for suppositories?

-unwrap before use

-use the restroom and wash hands before insertion

-can cause drowsiness or stinging

-can cause leakage

The rectal rocket is used for _______ has a _____ release.

hemorrhoids; rapid

What is the indication of diphenhydramine gummy gels?

antihistamine for allergies

What type of base is used in diphenhydramine gels?

gelatin

When making diphenhydramine gel gummies, why is it important to stir slowly?

to avoid getting air bubbles

What is the thickener that is used in hand sanitizer?

trolamine

What are the advantages of lollipops, lozenges and sticks?

-localized effect

-drugs that are destroyed in gut can be taken buccally

-taste of drug can be masked with flavor

What are some disadvantages of lollipops, lozenges and sticks?

-can be mistaken for candy

-can take time to dissolve

-unappealing to some patients

What is the indication of nystatin lozenges?

used to help thrush in children or patients going through chemo

What is the indication of the nicotine lollipop?

prevent craving of nicotine

What is the indication of acyclovir lip balm?

cold sores (herpes virus)

What are some counseling points of acyclovir lip balm?

-do not lick medication off of lips

-wipe off balm before each use

What is the minimum and maximum weighable quantity on the scales In lab?

100 mg - 200 g

The ____ ____ is why we measure the graduated cylinder by holding it up at eye level to read then measurement at the bottom of the meniscus

parallax effect

What is the BUD for non-aqueous formulations?

no later than the time remaining on then earliest expiration of an API or 6 months (whichever is sooner)

What is the BUD for water-containing oral formulations?

no longer than 14 days (when stored at controlled cold temp)

What is the BUD for water-containing topical/dermal and mucosal liquid and semisolid formulations?

30 days

What administration routes can capsules be used for?

oral, vaginal, or rectal

What are the 3 questions that we ask a patient during counseling?

1. What did the doctor say this medication was used for?

2. How did the doctor say to give/take this medication?

3. What side effects did the doctor tell you to expect?

The _______ effect is when the opposite of what is expected to happen happens.

paradoxical