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cross-cultural literacy
understanding how the culture of a country affects the way business is practiced
culture
a system of values and norms that are shared among a group of people and that when taken together constitute a design for living
values
abstract ides about what a society believes to be good, right, and desirable
norms
social rules and guidelines that prescribe appropriate behavior in particular situations
society
group of people who share a common set of values and norms
folkways
routine conversations of everyday life
mores
norms seen as central to the functioning of a society and to its social life
power distance
theory of how a society deals with the fact that people are unequal in physical and intellectual capabilities
high power distance cultures
found in countries that let inequalities grow over time into inequalities of power and wealth
low power distance cultures
found in societies that try to play down such inequalities as much as possible
individualism versus collectivism
theory focusing on the relationship between the individual and his or her fellows
individualistic societies
the ties between individuals are loose and individual achievement is highly valued
collectivistic societies
ties between individuals are tight, people are born into collectives, such as extended families, and everyone is supposed to look after the interest of his or her collective
uncertainty avoidance
extent to which cultures socialize members to accept ambiguous situations and to tolerate uncertainty
masculinity versus femininity
theory of the relationship between gender and work roles
masculine cultures
sex roles are sharply differentiated and traditional “masculine values” such as achievement and the effective exercise of power determine cultural ideals
feminine cultures
sex roles are less sharply distinguished and little differentiation is made between men and women in the same job
long-term versus short-term orientation
the theory of the extent to which a culture programs its citizens to accept delayed gratification of their material, social, and emotional needs; captures attitudes toward time, persistence, ordering by status, protection of face, respect for tradition, and reciprocation of gifts and favors
ethnocentrism
behavior that is based on the belief in the superiority of one’s own ethnic group or culture; often shows disregard or contempt for the culture of other countries
