17 - Charles II and the nature of the Restored Monarchy;

When was the declaration of Breda?

4 April 1660

Who prompted Charles to produce the declaration of Breda?

Monck

Who drafted the declaration of Breda?

Clarendon

What was in the declaration of Breda? (4)

Charles would rule as a traditional monarch through Parliament, he would give the army its pay in arrears, would pardon all subjects except a few individuals, would give religious freedoms

Which Parliament was produced by free elections?

Convention Parliament

When did the convention Parliament assemble?

25 April 1660

How were the elections which brought about the convention parliament free?

removal of restrictions on who could in the elections

Who was the convention parliament mostly made up of?

conservative/ Royalist MPs

What were the divisions between parliamentarians in the convention parliament?

some wanted to restrict the king's power, some didn't want there to be limits on him,

What were the views of Royalists in the Convention parliament about limitations on the king's power?

they were opposed to limitations on the king's power

When did the convention parliament declare Charles Stuart as king?

8 May 1660

When did Charles Stuart return to London as king?

end of May 1660

What was the key indication that the PN was so desperate to restore the monarchy?

they accepted the declaration of Breda without really considering any constitutional limits

Why were the promises in the declaration of Breda attractive to the majority of the PN?

they felt increasingly alienated by and fearful of the radicalism of the last few years of the interregnum

What were the issues the convention parliament had to address to restore monarchy? (7)

indemnity, land settlement, disbanding the army, constitution, finance, religion, militia

How did Charles deal with the issue of indemnity when the monarchy was restored?

passed an indemnity act and parliament decided who should be excluded (mostly those who were involved in the regicide)

When was the Indemnity Act?

29 August 1660

How many men were excluded from the Indemnity Act in August 1660?

30

Why was the Indemnity Act of practical importance to Charles? (3)

needed the army to disband, needed money from the city of London, needed support from the political elite (many were parliamentarians)

How did Charles' policies contradict the Indemnity Act of August 1660?

there was persecution of anyone seen as a threat to the restoration of the monarchy

What was the issue of land settlement when the monarch was restored?

lands of bishops, Royalists, Catholics and the crown had been sold off after the regicide, Charles needed to be careful not to upset the purchasers as some were powerful and had helped bring about the restoration

How did Charles deal with the policy of land settlement when the monarchy was restored?

left the matter to parliament, who failed to legislate a formal solution, church and crown lands were seized and many of the purchasers were excluded from the indemnity act so their land was seized anyway

What was the issue of disbanding the army when the monarchy was restored?

Charles promised the army its arrears in the declaration of Breda so he now had to go through with this

How did Charles deal with the issue of disbanding the army when the monarchy was restored?

arrears were voted by the convention parliament and the army was peaceably disbanded

What was the issue of the constitution when the monarchy was restored?

he became king without any limitations imposed on him

What did Charles do about the issue of constitution when the monarchy was restored?

stalled a bill in the house of lords which would have confirmed parliamentary privileges and fundamental laws, so the laws in this bill did not become part of the settlement and it remained an unwritten agreement

What was the issue of finance when the monarchy was restored?

needed to agree on a settlement between parliament and the crown

What right was taken away from the crown in terms of financial settlement when the monarchy was restored?

feudal rights were abolished

What was the compensation for the abolishment of feudal rights when the monarchy was restored? (2)

Charles was granted tonnage and poundage for life, customs specified in a parliamentary bill were granted to him, he was granted £1.2 million a year for government costs in peacetime (which would come from customs and excise)

How much money could Charles raise from customs and excise in practice (out of the £1.2 million a year that he was granted for government costs in the financial settlement after the restoration of the monarchy)?

£400,000

When was a Hearth Tax introduced?

1662

Why was a Hearth Tax introduced in 1662?

to try to bridge the gap between the amount parliament granted Charles per year for government costs (£1.2 million) and the amount he could actually raise through customs and excise (£400,000)

What was the direct impact of the limits on crown finance? (2)

Charles was dependent on parliamentary grants, had to call parliament every year between 1660 and 1681

What was the issue of religion when the monarchy was restored?

debate over what kind of church should be restored

What did the declaration of Breda say about religion?

would grant religious freedom for non conformists

How did the religious settlement contradict the promises in the declaration of Breda?

right to worship freely was not recognised though it was promised it would be

What type of church was restored alongside the restoration of the monarchy?

Church of England

How many of England's ministers were removed in the new religious settlement after the restoration of the monarchy?

700 out of 9000

What was the convention parliament's stance on a militia after the restoration of the monarchy?

didn't pass any militia bills in 1660 but also didn't challenge Charles' control of the militia

When did Charles dissolve the convention parliament?

20 November 1660

Why did Charles dissolve the convention parliament? (2)

annoyance at lack of legislation about the militia, problems with religious settlement

When was a cavalier parliament elected?

May 1661

When did the cavalier parliament last until?

1679

Who took back control over local government after the introduction of the cavalier parliament?

the PN

What was the act for the safety and preservation of his majesty's person and government? (2)

cancelled all ordinances, made it punishable to accuse the king of trying to bring in popery or incite hatred of the monarch

Which acts which Charles 1 had agreed to were repealed by the cavalier parliament? (2)

act excluding bishops, abolition of star chamber

How was the triennial act changed during the cavalier parliament?

was changed from requirement for crown to call parliament every three years to hope that he would call it at least every three years

Which policies of the convention parliament were reviewed by the cavalier parliament?

indemnity act and land settlement

Why did Charles stop the cavalier parliament from reviewing the indemnity act and land settlement of the convention parliament?

realised that this would create unrest

How did the cavalier parliament strengthen the position of Charles? (5)

formalised censorship with the 1622 licensing act, an act was passed to prevent mass petitioning, two militia acts gave Charles control of all armed forces, was made punishable to accuse the king of popery, parliament could not legislate without the monarch

When was the licensing act?

1662

What was the licensing act of 1662?

introduced censorship of the press

When were the two militia acts giving Charles control of the armed forces?

1661 and 1662

What did the militia act in 1662 give Charles the power to do?

gave him the power to raise up to £70,000 a year for three years through a militia rate to support the forces he raised

What was the earl of Clarendon's position in Charles' government?

Lord Chancellor

When was the earl of Clarendon Charles' principal adviser?

from 1660 to 1667

What was the personality trait which made Clarendon favourable to Charles?

was willing to consider everything in detail

What was the weakness in Clarendon's personality?

he was arrogant and dismissive of others which stopped him building up a political network and increasingly alienated the king

What were the weaknesses in Clarendon's relationship with Parliament? (2)

didn't fully get the privy council on his side, didn't manage his relationship with parliament well so allowed opposition to develop

What was the Clarendon Code?

made the church of England the official religion of England, no room for non-conformists or dissenters

What were the acts of the Clarendon code? (4)

Corporation act, Act of uniformity, conventicle act, five-mile act

When was the corporation act? (Clarendon code)

1661

What was the corporation act? (Clarendon code)

forbade municipal office to those not taking the sacraments at a parish church

When was the act of uniformity? (Clarendon code)

1662

What was the act of uniformity? (Clarendon code)

excluded people from church office if they weren't taking the sacraments at a parish church

When was the conventicle act?

1664

What was the conventicle act?

made meetings for nonconformist worship of more than five people not from the same household illegal

When was the five-mile act?

1665

What was the five-mile act?

forbade nonconformist ministers to live or visit within five miles of a town or any other place where they had ministered

What were the effects of the Clarendon code? (3)

ended any possibility of the Anglican church and nonconformists coming together under one religious banner, deeply polarised the religions of Britain, religious intolerance deepened

When was Clarendon forced to resign?

August 1667

Where did Clarendon go into self-imposed exile to after he was forced to resign in August 1667?

France

Which groups did Clarendon manage tensions between? (2 sets of groups)

court and country, Anglicans and dissenters

Who was in the Cabal? (5)

Thomas Clifford, Anthony Ashley, George Villiers, Henry Bennet, John Maitland

What was Thomas Clifford's position in Charles' government?

Treasurer of the Household

What was Anthony Ashley's position in Charles' government?

Chancellor of the Exchequer

What was Henry Bennet's position in Charles' government?

Secretary of State

What was John Maitland's position in Charles' government?

Charles' commissioner in Scotland

Which members of the Cabal helped negotiate the secret treaty of Dover? (2)

Thomas Clifford, Henry Bennet (Bennet was the main force)

What was the secret treaty of Dover?

Charles agreed to help Louis 14th against the Dutch and declare himself Catholic in return for financial aid

When was the Treaty of Dover?

1670

Which of the Cabal members advised Charles to suspend the repayment of loans?

Thomas Clifford

Which of the Cabal members supported the declaration of indulgence? (3)

Thomas Clifford, Anthony Ashley, George Villiers

When was the declaration of indulgence?

1672

What was the declaration of indulgence?

Charles' attempt to extend religious liberty to Protestant non-conformists and Catholics by suspending penal laws that punished people who didn't go to CofE services

Which of the Cabal members opposed the Test Act?

Thomas Clifford

When was the Test Act?

1673

What was the Test Act?

act that required everyone entering public service to deny Catholic doctrine and take Anglican communion

Which of the Cabal members was part of the delegation to the Hague to Charles Stuart in 1660?

Anthony Ashley

Which of the Cabal members supported the Test Act?

Anthony Ashley

Which Cabal member was closest to Charles?

George Villiers

Who in the Cabal was the chief opponent of Clarendon?

George Villiers

Which member of the Cabal supported the Exclusion bill?

Anthony Ashley

Which member of the Cabal opposed the Exclusion bill?

George Villiers

Which member of the Cabal constructed the triple alliance with the Dutch Republic and Sweden?

Henry Bennet

Why did the Cabal have no coordinated policy? (3)

they had diverse outlooks and opinions, Charles had limited involvement in government, dominance of Clarendon was eliminated

Which Cabal member was most effective in shaping policy?

Henry Bennet

How did Charles use differences among his ministers to his advantage? (Cabal)

played them off against each other and strengthened his own position

Which two members of the Cabal hated each other?

Henry Bennet and George Villiers

What were the two main aims of the Cabal?

extend religious toleration to Catholics and dissenters, make an alliance with France