chapter 13: nutritional requirements affecting health in women

how long is a full term pregnancy?

39-41 weeks

how many pounds is a full term pregnancy?

6

what can affect fetal development?

weight and folic acid intake

why is folic acid intake important?

to prevent neural tube defects

what is low level of iron and folic acid during pregnancy linked to?

premature births and stunted growth

when should a pregnant woman prioritize adequate folic acid intake?

before and early in pregnancy

what can affect fetal development?

unusual dietary patterns, health care access, age, weight gain

how many pounds is normal weight gain for pregnancy?

25-35

how can oral health affect fetal development?

periodontal disease and erosive risk

what is periodontal disease a risk factor for?

preeclampsia and/or delivering a premature/LBW infant

what is preeclampsia?

a pregnancy condition with HBP and protein in the urine

what is excess caffeine associated with?

LBW and miscarriage risk

how much caffeine should pregnant women limit?

to 200 mg per day (<2 cups of coffee)

what can alcohol cause in pregnancy?

fetal alcohol syndrome

what are symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome?

1. face abnormalities

2. growth retardation

3. CNS abnormalities

4. behavioral challenges

5. irregular oral cavity

how can fetal alcohol syndrome affect the oral cavity?

1. irregular enamel

2. cleft lip or palate

3. small jaw

what can food borne illness cause?

miscarriage, premature birth, stillbirth or illness in newborn

what foods should pregnant women avoid?

raw sprouts, raw/undercooked meat, poultry, eggs, fish, shellfish, soft cheese

what drinks should pregnant women avoid?

unpasteurized juices, milk, and milk products

how much white tuna should pregnant women be consuming per week?

maximum 6 oz

what happens by the 6th week of pregnancy (orally)?

tooth development begins

what happens by the 4th month of pregnancy (orally)?

1. calcification of deciduous teeth begins

2. mandible is calcified

what does dentin and enamel depend on?

1. vitamin C (collagen matrix)

2. calcium, magnesium, phosphorous and vitamin D (mineralization)

3. vitamin A (keratin in enamel)

what can disrupt calcium and phosphorous balance?

infections

what is the change in calories necessary for 1st trimester?

no change

what is the change in calories necessary for 2nd trimester?

+340 calories

what is the change in calories necessary for 3rd trimester?

+452 calories

what fats is necessary for pregnancy?

omega 3 fatty acids

what is omega 3 fatty acids important for?

brain and vision

how much addition protein is needed?

21 grams

what vitamins/minerals are important pregnancy?

calcium, vitamin D, B vitamins, iron, zinc, iodine

how long does exclusive breastfeeding last for?

4-6 months

an increase of how many calories is needed to breastfeed?

500 calories daily

an increase of how much protein is needed to breastfeed?

25 grams daily

oral contraceptives can deplete what vitamin?

vitamins B6

what are symptoms of perimenopause?

loss of bone density, hot flashes, sweats

what happens during menopause?

1. decreased estrogen and progesterone

2. termination of menses

3. decrease bone mass density

4. increase in body fat

5. reduced salivary flow

6. gingival effects