A and P final test (4)

Which of the following is responsible for conscious thoughts?

central nervous system

There are _________ pairs of cranial nerves and _________ pairs of spinal nerves.

12 ; 31

Cell bodies of the peripheral nervous system are located in

ganglia

The autonomic nervous system

has two sets of neurons in a series

Which of the following is mismatched?

somatic nervous system - sensory division of PNS

Protein synthesis in neurons occurs in

cell bodies

dendrites

are the input part of the neuron

axons

have a distal portion that branches to form the pre synaptic terminalsor terminal bulbs

synaptic vesicles contain neurotransmitters and are present in the

presynaptic terminals or terminal bulbs

A neuron that conducts pain sensations to the central nervous system would be classified as a(n)

sensory or afferent neuron

Which of the following statements requarding gila is false?

Neuroglia produces action potentials for skeletal muscles

A glial cell that is a major component of the blood-brain barrier is the

astrocyte

overproduction of cerebrospinal fluid could be the result of overactivity of the

ependymal cells

microglia

are phagocytic cells in the CNS

Schwann cells differ from oligodendrocytes in which of the following ways

schwann cells form a myelin sheath around a portion of only one axon, while oligodendrocytes can surround portions of several axons

Which of the following is mismatched?

microglia - provide support for the neuron cell body

Gaps or interruptions in the myelin sheath are called

nodes of ranview

White matter is composed of

bundles of myelinated axons

which of the following situations occurs in electrically excitable cells

depolarization causes voltage-gated sodium ion channels to open

A local (graded) terminal

increases or decreases in direct proportion to the stimulus strength

A change in resting membrane potential confines to a small area is called a(n)

local (graded) potential

An action potential

occurs when the local (graded potential reaches threshold level

Which of the following events is NOT a characteristic of an action potential?

As sodium ions enter, the inside of the plasma membrane becomes more negative

A stimulus either causes an action potential or it doesn't. this is called

an all-or-none response

Each voltage - gated Na+ ion channel has two voltage sensitive gates: an activation gate and an inactivation gate. Which of the following would occur during depolarization?

Both activation and inactivation gates are open

During the absolute refractory period, the cell

cannot produce another action potential

The absolute refractory period ends when

inactivation gates of voltage-gated Na+ ion channels reopen

The junction between two neurons is a

synapse

Arrange the events of synaptic transmission in the correct sequence:

5, 3, 2, 4, 1

As the strength of a stimulus is increased, the

frequency of occurrence of action potentials increases

neurotransmitters are released from the

presynaptic terminal

a neuromodulator

is a substance released from neurons that influences the sensitivity of a neurons to neurotransmitter

neurotransmitter

cause the production of local (graded) potentials in the postsynaptic membrane

When two action potentials arrive stimultaneously at two different presynaptic terminals that synapse with the same post synaptic neuron

spatial summation occurs

If 5 action potentials arrive at the same synapse in very close succession, which of the following would occur?

temporal summation occurs

When 2 or more presynaptic neurons synapse with a single post synaptic neuron in the CNS a(n) _______ pathway is formed.

convergent

Neurons arranged in a circular pathway form

oscillatory circuits

Suppose both excitatory and inhibitory neurons synapse with a single post synaptic neuron. What determines if an action potential is initiated in the postsynaptic neuron

Whether threshold is reached or not

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) can result from the influx of

chloride ions

An IPSP (inhibitory post synaptic potential) is inhibitory because it

hyper polarizes the postsynaptic membrane

A decrease in the number of voltage-gated Ca 2+ ion channels in the presynaptic terminal would

reduce or inhibit exocytosis of neurotransmitters into the synapse

Put the following parts of a reflex arc in the correct order, starting with the sensory receptor

5, 4, 2, 1, 3

Neurotransmitters can be removed from the synaptic cleft by

All of the above can happen

The sensory root of a spinal nerve is also referred to as

dorsal root

the motor root of a spinal nerve is also referred to as the

ventral root

the withdrawl reflex tend to bring the body towards

fetal position

the perineurium

bundles axons into fascicles

Nerve fibers in the phrenic nerves that innervated the diaphragm arise primarily from what plexuses

lumbar

the brachial plexus supplies nerves that function to contract which of the following

abdominal muscles

ventral rami of some spinal nerves join with each other to form a

plexus

intercoastal (between the ribs) nerves are formed from the

ventral rami of thoracic spinal nerves

Which of the following nerves is part of the brachial plexus?

axillary

When a person hits their "funny bone" they cause temporary damage to the _________ nerve?

ulnar

Extending the forearm, wrist, and fingers requires innervation of the _______ nerve.

radial

Using the biceps brachii to flex the forearm requires innervation of the ________ nerve

musculocutaneous

the sciatic nerve is composed of the

tibial nerve and the common fibular nerve

Which nerve is involved when a dancer points his or her toes?

tibial

Adduction of the thigh involves the

obturator nerve

the reflex that prevents excessive tension in a muscle is the

golgi tendon reflex

reciprocal innervation

reinforces the withdrawl reflex by relaxing the antagonist muscles

If a withdrawl reflex is initiated in one leg, the crossed extensor reflex causes

extension of the opposite leg

The adaptive significance of the crossed extensor reflex when a person steps on a sharp object is to

prevent the person from falling down

the branch of a spinal nerve that innervates deep muscles along the vertebral column is the

dorsal ramus

The fact that the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body is partially due to the

decussation of the pyramids in the medulla

Which of the following is correctly associated with the medulla oblongata?

it contains nuclei for regulation of heart rate and blood vessel diameter

The pyramids of the medulla contain

descending motor tracts

The part of the brain that controls the reflex of turning your head towards a sudden bright light, loud sound, or someone grabbing you is the

superior colliculi

The substantia nigra interconnects with the

basal nuclei or striatum

The white matter of the cerebellum forms a branching network known as the

arbor vitae

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cerebellum

control the heart rate

The stalk that connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland is the

infundibulum

Most sensory input that ascends through the spinal cord and brainstem projects to the relay center called the

thalamus

Which of the following brain areas serves as the major control center of the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system

hypothalamus

Which of the following activities is not associated with the cerebrum?

acting as a control center of hte autonomic nervous system

the central sulcus seperates the

frontal and parietal lobes

the lateral fissure seperates the _________ from the rest of the cerebrum

temporal lobe

The gray matter on the outer surface of the cerebrum is called the

cortex

What is the C - shaped mass of white matter that consists of the nerve fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres?

corpus callosum

the cerebral medulla

consists of many nerve tracts of white matter beneath the cerebral cortex

the basal nuclei function to

inhibit unwanted muscular activity

the midbrain develops from the embryonic region called the

mesencephalon

The roman numerals assigned to each cranial nerve reflect

the sequence from anterior to posterior in which they emerge from the brain

cerebrospinal fluid fills the

subarachnoid space

Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by tissue in the walls and roofs of the

ventricles of the brain

If cerebrospinal fluid does not drain properly

the excess fluid exerts pressure on the brain

water-soluble molecules such as gluclose and amino acids move across the blood-brain barrier by

mediated transport

dentists anesthetize a portion of the ________ nerve to stop pain impulses from the teeth

trigeminal

Which nerve has branches that extend to the thoracic and abdominal viscera

vagus nerve

a fracture of the cribiform plate might injure the _______ cranial nerve?

olfactory

the optic nerve

transmits action potentials from the retina

hearing loss is the result of damage to what nerve

vestibulocochlear

motor control of the face is the function of the ________ nerve, while sensation from the face is determined by the __________ nerve.

facial ; trigeminal

The primary somatic sensory or general sensory area is located in

the postcentral gyrus

if broca's area is damaged the result is

hesitant and distorted speech

the parasympathetic nervous system is characterized by

short postganglionic axons near the organs they innervate

vision is dependent upon

photoreceptors

mechanoreceptors respond to

compression of receptors

Which of the following is mismatched?

Ruffini's end organs - temperature

the ability to localize the position of body parts is called

proprioception

decreased sensitivity to a continued stimulus is called

adaptation