APUSH Unit 3 Quiz

Marbury v. Madison and Hamilton's Financial Program are both on the quiz

Washington’s Cabinet

Washington’s Cabinet

the constitution authorizes the president to appoint chiefs of department, although they must be confirmed, or approved, by the senate

• Thomas Jefferson- secretary of state

• Alexander Hamilton- secretary of the treasury

• Henry Knox- secretary of war

• Edmund Randolph- attorney general

Who opposed Hamilton’s Financial Program?

Anti-Federalists, who feared that the states would lose power to the extent that the central government gained it

What deal was made for the financial program?

U.S government pay off the national debt at face value and also assume payments of the war debts of the states; establish the nation’s capital in the South along the Potomac River

Hamilton and Jefferson differ on the bank

• Jefferson argued that the Constitution did not give Congress the power to create a bank

• Hamilton took a broader view of the Constitution, arguing that the document’s “necessary and proper” clause authorized Congress to do whatever was necessary to carry out its enumerated powers

Impact on the French Revolution

Americans generally supported the French people’s aspiration to establish a republic, but many were also horrified by reports of mob hysteria and mass executions

Jay’s Treaty

Washington sent John Jay to Britain to talk that country out of its searching and seizing American ships and impressing seamen into the British navy

• Jay brought back a treaty in which Britain agreed to evacuate its posts on U.S. western frontier

• Nothing about British seizures of American merchant ships

• Angered American supporters of France; did maintain Washington’s policy of neutrality

Pickney’s Treaty

Thomas Pickney negotiated a treaty in which Spain agreed to open the lower Mississippi River and New Orleans to American trade

• Right of deposit was granted to Americans

• Spain further agreed to accept the U.S. claim that Florida’s northern boundary should be at the 31st parallel

Whiskey Rebellion

Hamilton, to make up the revenue lost because the tariffs were lower than he wanted, persuaded Congress to pass excise taxes, particularly on the sale of whiskey

• Rather than paying the tax, rebelling farmers defended their “liberties” by attacking the revenue collectors

• Washington responded to this crisis by federalizing 15,000 state militiamen; the show of force caused the Whiskey Rebellion to collapse with almost no bloodshed

Political Parties formation and differences

groups of legislators commonly formed temporary factions and voted together either for or against a specific policy

• Federalist party supported Hamilton and his financial program; strongest in the northeastern states and advocated the growth of federal power

• Democratic-Republican party supported Jefferson and tried to elect candidates in different states who opposed Hamilton’s program; strongest in the southern states and on the western frontier and argued for states’ rights

Impact of Washington’s Farewell Address and stepping down after two years

• for the next century, future presidents would heed as gospel Washington’s warning against “permanent alliances”

• Washington’s decision to leave office after two terms led later presidents to follow his example

• Presidents elected to two terms would voluntarily retire even though the Constitution placed no limit on a president’s tenure in office

XYZ Affair

seeking a peaceful settlement with France, Adams sent a delegation to Paris to negotiate with the French government

• Certain French ministers, known only as X, Y, and Z, requested bribes as the basis for entering into negotiations; American delegates refused

• Reports of the demand infuriated many Americans, who now clamored for war against France

• “Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute”

• Adams resisted the popular sentiment for war

Alien and Sedition Act

federalists enacted laws to restrict their political opponents

• Alien Act- authorized the president to deport aliens considered dangerous and to detain enemy aliens in times of war

• Sedition Act- made it illegal for newspaper editors to criticize either the president or Congress and imposed fines or imprisonment for editors who violated the law

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

declared that the states had entered into a “compact” in forming the national government and if any act of the federal government broke the compact, a state could nullify the federal law

• Kentucky resolution written by Thomas Jefferson

• Virginia resolution written by James Madison

Importance of Election of 1800

• The passing of power in 1801 from one political party to another was accomplished without violence

• Jefferson stressed the popular acceptance of the basic principle of constitutional government when he stated “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.”

• By 1816, Jefferson’s call for unity was realized

Reason for Napoleon’s eagerness to deal

Napoleon Bonaparte secretly forced Spain to give the Louisiana Territory back to France, hoping to restore the French empire

Right of deposit

allowed American farmers tax-free use of the port

Jefferson’s dilemma

he was committed to a strict interpretation of the Constitution and rejected Hamilton’s argument that certain powers were implied

- no clause in the Constitution explicitly stated that a president could purchase foreign land

Consequences of the Louisiana Purchase

• More than doubled the size of the U.S., removed a European presence from nation’s borders, extended western frontier to lands beyond the Mississippi

• Strengthened Jefferson’s hopes that his country’s future would be based on an agrarian society of independent farmers

• Increased Jefferson’s popularity and showed the Federalists to be a weak, sectionalist party

Marbury v. Madison

Marshall ruled that Marbury had a right to his commission according to the Judiciary Act of 1789 however, it had given to the court greater power than the Constitution allowed. Therefore, the law was unconstitutional, and Marbury would not receive his commission

• By ruling a law of Congress to be unconstitutional, Marshall established the doctrine of judicial review

• Supreme Court would exercise the power to decide whether an act of Congress or the president was allowed by the Constitution

• Supreme Court could now overrule actions of the other two branches

Embargo Act of 1807

prohibited American merchant ships from sailing to any foreign port

• backfired and brought greater economic hardships to the U.S. than to Britain

• Effects on the U.S. economy were devastating, especially for the merchant marine and shipbuilders of New England

• Jefferson called for its repeal in 1809 during the final days of his presidency

Causes of War of 1812

• Continued violation of U.S. neutral rights at sea

• Troubles with the British on the western frontier

War Hawks

a group of new, young Democratic-Republicans mostly from the frontier states

• Known as War Hawks because of their eagerness for war against Britain; quickly gained significant influence in the House of Representatives

• Argued that war with Britain would be the only way to defend American honor, gain Canada, and destroy American Indian resistance on the frontier

Opposition of the war

• New England merchants

• Federalist politicians

• “Old” Democratic-Republicans (Quids)

Treaty of Ghent

said nothing at all about the grievances that led to war; the war ended in stalemate with no gain for either side

War’s legacy

• U.S. gained respect of other nations

• U.S. accepted Canada as a part of British Empire

• Federalist party came to an end

• Precedent was set that would later be used by the South

• American Indians were forced to surrender land to white settlement

• U.S. factories were built; Americans moved toward industrial self-sufficiency

• Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison would soon be in the forefront of a new generation of political leaders

• Feeling of nationalism grew stronger

Clay’s American System

a comprehensive method for advancing the nation’s economic growth consisted of 3 parts:

• protective tariffs

• national bank

• internal improvement

Missouri Compromise

the legislation admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a non-slave state, so as not to upset the balance between slave and free states in the nation