APUSH Unit 3 Quiz

Marbury v. Madison and Hamilton's Financial Program are both on the quiz

Washington’s Cabinet

the constitution authorizes the president to appoint __chiefs of department__, although they must be confirmed, or approved, by the senate

* __Thomas Jefferson__- __secretary of state__
* __Alexander Hamilton__- __secretary of the treasury__
* __Henry Knox__- __secretary of war__
* __Edmund Randolph__- __attorney general__

Who opposed Hamilton’s Financial Program?

__**Anti-Federalists**__, who __**feared**__ that the __**states would lose power**__ to the extent that the central government gained it

What deal was made for the financial program?

__**U.S government pay off the national debt at face value**__ and also __**assume payments of the war debts of the states**__; establish the __**nation’s capital in the South**__ along the Potomac River

Hamilton and Jefferson differ on the bank

* __**Jefferson**__ argued that the __**Constitution did not give Congress the power to create a bank**__
* __**Hamilton**__ took a broader view of the Constitution, arguing that the __**document’s “necessary and proper” clause authorized Congress to do whatever was necessary to carry out its enumerated powers**__

Impact on the French Revolution

Americans generally __supported the French people’s aspiration to establish a republic__, but many were also __horrified by reports of mob hysteria__ and __mass executions__

Jay’s Treaty

Washington sent __John Jay to Britain__ to talk that country __out of its searching and seizing American ships__ and __impressing seamen into the British navy__

* Jay brought back a __treaty__ in which __Britain agreed to evacuate its posts on U.S. western frontier__
* Nothing about British seizures of American merchant ships
* __Angered American supporters of France__; did maintain Washington’s policy of neutrality

Pickney’s Treaty

__Thomas Pickney__ negotiated a __treaty in which Spain agreed to open the lower Mississippi River__ and __New Orleans to American trade__

* __Right of deposit was granted to Americans__
* __Spain__ further __agreed to accept the U.S. claim__ that __Florida’s northern boundary should be at the 31st parallel__

Whiskey Rebellion

__Hamilton__, to make up the revenue lost because the tariffs were lower than he wanted, __persuaded Congress to pass excise taxes, particularly on the sale of whiskey__

* Rather than paying the tax, __rebelling farmers defended their “liberties” by attacking the revenue collectors__
* Washington responded to this crisis by federalizing 15,000 state militiamen; the show of force caused the Whiskey Rebellion to __collapse with almost no bloodshed__

Political Parties formation and differences

groups of legislators commonly formed temporary factions and voted together either for or against a specific policy

* __Federalist__ party __supported Hamilton__ and his __financial program__; __strongest in the northeastern states__ and advocated the growth of __federal power__
* __Democratic-Republican__ party __supported Jefferson__ and tried to elect candidates in different states who opposed Hamilton’s program; __strongest in the southern states__ and on the __western frontier__ and __argued for states’ rights__

Impact of Washington’s Farewell Address and stepping down after two years

* for the next century, __future presidents would heed__ as gospel Washington’s __warning against “permanent alliances”__
* Washington’s decision to __leave office after two terms led later presidents to follow his example__
* Presidents elected to two terms would voluntarily retire __even though the Constitution placed no limit on a president’s tenure in office__

XYZ Affair

seeking a peaceful settlement with France, Adams sent a __delegation to Paris to negotiate with the French government__

* Certain French ministers, known only as __X, Y, and Z__, __requested bribes as the basis for entering into negotiations__; __American delegates refused__
* Reports of the demand __infuriated many Americans,__ who now __clamored for war against France__
* __“Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute”__
* Adams resisted the popular sentiment for war

Alien and Sedition Act

federalists enacted laws to restrict their political opponents

* __Alien Act__- authorized the president to __deport aliens considered dangerous__ and to __detain enemy aliens in times of war__
* __Sedition Act__- made it __illegal for newspaper editors__ to __criticize either the president or Congress__ and __imposed fines or imprisonment for editors who violated the law__

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

declared that the states had entered into a “compact” in forming the national government and __if any act of the federal government broke the compact, a state could nullify the federal law__

* __Kentucky__ resolution written by __Thomas Jefferson__
* __Virginia__ resolution written by __James Madison__

Importance of Election of 1800

* The passing of power in 1801 from __one political party to another__ was __accomplished without violence__
* Jefferson stressed the popular __acceptance of__ the basic principle of __constitutional government__ when he stated __“We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.”__
* By 1816, __Jefferson’s call for unity was realized__

Reason for Napoleon’s eagerness to deal

Napoleon Bonaparte secretly forced Spain to give the Louisiana Territory back to France, __hoping to restore the French empire__

Right of deposit

allowed American farmers tax-free use of the port

Jefferson’s dilemma

he was __committed to a strict interpretation of the Constitution__ and rejected Hamilton’s argument that __certain powers were implied__

- __no clause in the Constitution explicitly stated that a president could purchase foreign land__

Consequences of the Louisiana Purchase

* More than __doubled the size of the U.S__., __removed a European presence from nation’s borders__, __extended western frontier to lands beyond the Mississippi__
* __Strengthened Jefferson’s hopes__ that his country’s future would be based on an agrarian society of independent farmers
* __Increased Jefferson’s popularity__ and showed the __Federalists to be a weak__, sectionalist party

Marbury v. Madison

Marshall ruled that Marbury had a right to his commission according to the Judiciary Act of 1789 however, it had given to the court greater power than the Constitution allowed. Therefore, the law was unconstitutional, and Marbury would not receive his commission

* By __**ruling a law of Congress to be unconstitutional**__**,** __**Marshall established the doctrine of judicial review**__
* __**Supreme Court would exercise the power to decide whether an act**__ of Congress or the president was __**allowed by the Constitution**__
* Supreme Court could __**now overrule actions of the other two branches**__

Embargo Act of 1807

__prohibited American merchant ships from sailing to any foreign port__

* backfired and brought __greater economic hardships to the U.S. than to Britain__
* Effects on the __U.S. economy were devastating__, especially for the merchant marine and shipbuilders of New England
* Jefferson called for its __repeal in 1809__ during the final days of his presidency

Causes of War of 1812

* Continued __violation of U.S. neutral rights at sea__
* Troubles with the __British on the western frontier__

War Hawks

a __group of new, young Democratic-Republicans mostly from the frontier states__

* Known as War Hawks because of their __eagerness for war against Britain__; quickly gained significant influence in the House of Representatives
* Argued that __war with Britain would be the only way to defend American honor, gain Canada, and destroy American Indian resistance on the frontier__

Opposition of the war

* New England merchants
* Federalist politicians
* “Old” Democratic-Republicans (Quids)

Treaty of Ghent

said nothing at all about the grievances that led to war; the __war ended in stalemate with no gain for either side__

War’s legacy

* U.S. gained __respect of other nations__
* U.S. accepted __Canada as a part of British Empire__
* __Federalist party came to an end__
* Precedent was set that would later be used by the South
* __American Indians were forced to surrender land to white settlement__
* __U.S. factories were built__; Americans moved toward industrial self-sufficiency
* Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison would soon be in the forefront of a new generation of political leaders
* __Feeling of nationalism grew stronger__

Clay’s American System

a comprehensive __method for advancing the nation’s economic growth__ consisted of 3 parts:

* __protective tariffs__
* __national bank__
* __internal improvement__

Missouri Compromise

the legislation admitted __Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a non-slave state__, so as not to upset the balance between slave and free states in the nation