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Personality
the long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways
Franz Gall
proposed that the distances between bumps on the skull reveal a person’s personality traits, character, and mental abilities
Phrenology
the pseudoscience of measuring the areas of a person’s skull
Unconscious
mental activity of which we are unaware and are unable to access
Repression
process through which unacceptable urges and desires are kept in our unconscious
Id
contains our most primitive drives or urges, and is present from birth. It directs impulses for hunger, thirst, and sex
Superego
moral compass that tells us how we should behave
Ego
rational part of our personality
Neurosis
a tendency to experience negative emotions
Defense mechanisms
unconscious protective behaviors that aim to reduce anxiety
Reaction formation
a defense mechanism in which an individual acts much younger than their age
Projection
a person refuses to acknowledge her own unconscious feelings and instead sees those feelings in someone else
Latency period
period in which sexual desires are dormant as children focus on other pursuits
Alfred Adler
founded the school of psychology known as individual psychology
Individual psychology
school of psychology which focuses on our drive to compensate for feelings of inferiority
Analytical psychology
psychology that balances opposing forces of conscious and unconscious thought
Collective unconscious
a universal version of the personal unconscious, holding mental patterns, or memory traces
Archetypes
represented by universal themes in various cultures, as expressed through literature, art, and dreams
Social-cognitive theory
theory of personality that emphasizes both learning and cognition as sources of individual differences in personality
Reciprocal determinism
cognitive processes, behavior, and context all interact, each factor influencing and being influenced by the others simultaneously
Self-efficacy
our level of confidence in our own abilities, developed through our social experiences
Locus of control
refers to our beliefs about the power we have over our lives
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