Human Brain (copy)

1,350g and is pinkish-white; has 1 trillion cells

Human Brain

900 billion; nourishes and insulates neurons

Glial Cells

type of glial cell that’s found in the central nervous system; these prevent interference from other signals

Oligodendrocytes

type of glial cell found in the peripheral; it supports mature neurons

Schwann cells

removes waste products that bar growth of neurons

Microglial

100 billion; has one extension for receiving electrical signals and another longer extension for transmitting electrical signals.

Neurons

Receive sensory information; control muscle movement; regulate digestion; secrete hormones; engage in complex mental processes such as thinking, imagining, dreaming, and remembering

5 functions of the neurons

large, egg-shaped structure that provides fuel (oxygen, nutrients), manufactures chemicals, and maintains the entire neuron in working order

Cell Body (Soma)

branchlike extensions that arise from cell body; receive signals from other neurons, muscles, or sense organs and pass these signals to the cell body

Dendrites

single threadlike structure that carries signals away from the cell body and to neighboring neurons, organs, or muscles.

Axon

“casing”; wraps around and insulates axon. Minimizes leakage of electric current along the axon, allowing smooth flow of messages

Myelin Sheath

tiny bubbles located at the extreme ends of an axon’s branches; contains chemicals called neurotransmitters

End bulbs / Terminal bulbs

used to communicate with neighboring cells; chemicals made by neurons used to communicate between neurons during performance of mental and physical activities

each of these have unique chemical keys that fit and open only certain chemical locks

Neurotransmitters

infinitely small space that exists between an end bulb and its adjacent body organ or cell body

Synapse

200mph

Electrical Impulse

sensory neurons; senses to spinal cord/brain

Afferent

motor neurons; brain to muscles, nerves

Efferent

The cells resting state; Na / K pumped out; restart

Resting Potential

Active state of the cells; pump potassium in, sodium out

Depolarisation

Returning to its resting state; moving potassium out of the cell

Repolarization

Resting Membrane Potential

Rp (mV)

Rpm’s constant mV

-70 mV

only time Rpm can release an action potential

Rpm reaches a positive number

“messages” - what neurons use to “communicate” with one another and with diff. parts of the body.

Neural Impulse

speed of an neural impulse

225mph

Chemical gates that open to allow electrically charged particles

Axon Membrane

The charged particles; chemical particles that have electrical charges, opposites attract, like charges repel.

Ions

Charged battery; Positive outside, negative inside

Resting State

transport that picks up sodium ions that enter the axon’s chemical gates and returns them back outside.

Sodium Pump

a tiny electric current that’s generated when the positive sodium ions rush inside the axon.; negative outside, positive inside

Action Potential

series of separate action potentials that take place segment by segment as they move down the length of an axon; sequence of action potentials that will return to the resting state immediately

Nerve Impulse

if an action potential starts at the beginning from an axon, the action potential will continue at the same speed segment by segment, to the very end of an axon

All or none law

excite; when released, opens locks in the heart muscle and causes it to beat faster

open locks, activate neurons

Excitatory Transmitters

calming down; block chemical locks in the heart muscle and decrease its rate

close locks, turns off neurons

Inhibitory Transmitters

Chemical messengers that either excite or inhibit the nearby body organs

Transmitters

Gamma Amino Butyric Acid

GABA

helps neurons recover after transmission, reduces anxiety and stress; reduce energy levels and calms everything down

Gamma Amino Butyric Acid

required for learning and memory

Glutamate

Glutamate Disfunction

Causes Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, Tourette’s

High Levels of Glutamate

Causes Depression, OCD, and Autism

assists with the ability to feel pleasure, feel good brain chemical; responsible for motivation, interest, and drive. It is associated with positive stress states such as being in love, exercising, listening to music, and sex; involve in muscle control and function

Dopamine

Low Levels of Dopamine

No energy, concentration, and motivation

High levels of Dopamine

Patients with poor GI function, autism, mood swings, psychosis, and attention disorders have this…

suppresses the release of glutamate, slows down brain’s highways; mimics GABA, releases dopamine (especially increased in the brain’s “reward center”); affects balance, speech, movement, senses (ears, eyes, mouth)

Alcohol

stimulates the release of endorphins; one of its ingredients is tryptophan.

Chocolates

essential amino acid needed by the brain to produce serotonin

Tryptophan

produced as a response to certain stimuli, especially stress, fear, or pain.

Endorphins

“happy chemical”, the brain’s mood-modulating transmitter; helps shape mood, energy levels, memory, outlook on life, joy and contentment.

Serotonin

Unmanaged anger, fear, and sadness,

Low levels of Serotonin

plant with THC; causes delusions, hallucinations, impaired memory, disorientation

Marijuana

delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol

THC

THC acts here; these are activated by natural neurotransmitters called anandamide.

Cannabinoid Receptors

a cannabinoid your body makes

Anandamide

Unlearned. involuntary action to some stimulus

Reflex

Makes connections between other neurons

Interneuron

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

MRI

passing nonharmful radio frequencies through the brain; give out a detailed image of the brain; used to study brain’s structure

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

fMRI

measures the changes in activity of specific neurons that are functioning during cognitive tasks such as thinking, listening, or reading

functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Positron Emission Tomography

PET Scan

injecting a slightly radioactive solution into the blood and then measuring the amount of radiation absorbed by brain cells called neurons

Positron Emission Tomography

brain and spinal cord → neurons and bundles of dendrites that carry info back and forth between brain and body; complex cognitive functions → thinking, speaking, reading, moving, feeling, seeing, hearing

Central Nervous System

muscles, nerves, glands, and organs; move muscles, receive sensations from the body, perform bodily functions

Peripheral Nervous System

Voluntary movement; network of nerves that connect either to sensory receptors or to muscles that you can move voluntarily such as muscles in the limbs, back, neck and chest; consists of afferent and efferent neurons

PNS Subdivision: Somatic Nervous System

Involuntary movement; regulates heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, digestion, hormone secretion, and other functions; functions without conscious effort

PNS Subdivision: Autonomic Nervous System

triggered by threatening or challenging physical or psychological arousal and prepares the body for action.

ANS Subdivision: Sympathetic Division

Adrenaline rush; respiratory rate increases, blood goes away from digestive tract and goes into our muscles and limbs (which requires extra energy for running and fighting.)

Pupils dilate, eyesight sharpens, awareness intensifies, pain perception diminishes, impulses quicken, immune system mobilizes increased activation.

“looking for the enemy”

Fight or Flight

Returns body to a calmer, relaxed state and is involved in digestion.

conserves energy, slows heart rate, increases intestinal and gland activity, relaxes sphincter muscles in the gastrointestinal tract.

ANS Division: Parasympathetic Division

Largest part of the brain; responsible for learning and memory, speaking and language, emotional responses, experiencing sensations, initiating voluntary movements, planning and decision-making

Forebrain

Reward and pleasure center; stimulated by food, money, drugs, sex, music, etc.; has areas for visual and auditory reflexes such as automatically turning your head towards a noise

Midbrain

Has three parts → pons, medulla, cerebellum

Hindbrain

bridge to interconnect messages between spinal cord and the brain. Makes chemicals involved in sleep.

pons

group of cells that control vital reflexes such as respiration, heart rate, and blood pressure

medulla

involved in coordinating motor movement but not in initiating voluntary movements; performs timed motor responses, such as those in playing games or sports; automatic reflexive learning → e.g. blinking the eye

Cerebellum

thin layer of cells that cover the entire surface of the forebrain

Cortex

Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal

Four Lobes - FPOT

personality, emotions, motor behaviors; largest of the four lobes

performs voluntary movements, interpret and perform emotional behaviors, behaving normally in social situations, maintaining a healthy personality, paying attention to the environment, making decisions, executing plans

Company’s executive officer

Frontal Lobe

located at the back edge of the frontal lobe. Laterality → Right controls left, left controls right

Motor Cortex

disruption of personality, emotional swings, attention, remembering, decision making, planning, and organizing

Damage to the motor cortex

perception and sensory experiences; touching, locating positions of the limbs, feeling temperature and pain, attending to perceiving and analyzing objects in space

Parietal Lobe

processes sensory information about touch, location of limbs, pain, temperature; laterality → right receives from the left side of the body, the left receives from the right side of the body

Somatosensory Cortex

process visual information; seeing colors, perceiving and recognizing objects, animals, and people

Occipital Lobe

located at the very back of the occipital lobe; receives electrical signals from receptors om the eyes and transforms these signals into meaningless basic visual sensations, such as lights, lines, shadows, colors, textures

Primary visual cortex

transforms basic sensations into complete meaningful visual perceptions

Visual Association Area

individual fails to recognize some object yet has the ability to see and even describe parts of the stimulus

Visual Agnosia

damage in association areas of parietal and occipital. Failure of a patient to see objects or parts of the body on the side opposite to the brain damage

Neglect Syndrome

hearing and speaking

Temporal Lobe

receives electrical signals from receptors and transform these signals into sensations (e.g. vowels and consonants)

Primary Auditory Cortex

transforms basic sensory information into recognizable auditory information such as words or music.

Auditory Association Area

located at the left frontal lobe, necessary for combing sounds into words and words into meaningful sentences.; Speech production

Broca’s Area (Paul Broca)

left temporal lobe, necessary for speaking in coherent sentences and for understanding speech; Language comprehension, interpretation

Wernicke’s Area (Carl Wernicke)

Patient cannot speak in fluent sentences but can understand written and spoken words

Broca’s Aphasia

difficulty understanding spoken and written words and difficulty in putting words into meaningful sentences.

Wernicke’s Aphasia

primitive or “animal” brain; zygote formed this part first. It triggers a wide array of emotions

involved in regulating motivational behaviors such as obtaining food, drink, sex; with organizing emotional behaviors such as fear, anger and aggression,; and with strong memories

Limbic System

needs; controls autonomic nervous system; arouses the body when fighting or fleeing

Hypothalamus

emotions; receives all input from the senses. plays a major role in evaluating the emotional significance of stimuli and facial expressions; helps brain recognize potential threats and helps prepare the body for fight or flight

Amygdala

processes sensory information; involves in receiving sensory information, doing some initial processing, and relaying the sensory information to areas of the cortex

Thalamus

involved in saving many kinds of fleeting memories by putting them into permanent storage in various parts of the brain. Forms new memories about past experiences.

Hippocampus

Glial - Nutrients

Astrocytes

surgical procedure in which a hole is created in the skull by the removal of circular piece of bone

Trephination